Λύσεις — Unit 7: Safety at Work – VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Unit 7: Safety at Work

Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 11 φιλτραρισμένων κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 163-171): έλεγχος γνώσεων ασφαλείας, ταξινόμηση των 16 κανόνων ασφαλείας, σύνθεση προτάσεων, δραστηριότητες-κίνδυνοι, εξοπλισμός ασφαλείας, λεξιλόγιο, προθέσεις, έκφραση υποχρέωσης, 3η υποθετική.

Έλεγχος γνώσεων ασφαλείας πριν τη διδασκαλία (statements)

Ερώτηση: Are you aware of the risks you run, so as to avoid injuries or fatal accidents at work? Check it. Tick the correct statements in the table below. 1. Sharp tools must always be carried with their points or sharp edges pointing down. 2. Long hair can be caught in moving machinery, so it should be tied or covered. 3. It is possible to use hand bits (sockets, drills, screwdrivers) to a power tool on condition that they are locked properly before turning the power on. 4. It is not necessary to wear eye protection when drilling, grinding, buffing or hammering. 5. One had better wear hand protection when there is a danger of flying chips. 6. Safety goggles, and an overall is sufficient protection when electric brazing or welding. 7. Portable electric hand tools must always be grounded and plugs should never be removed by pulling on the cord. 8. Sleeves should be rolled above elbows when working on a machine tool, the rolls, a bar folder, the squaring shears or other moving machinery. 9. If one is extremely careful, he doesn't have to remove his watch and other jewellery when working with moving machinery. 10. Standing on a wet spot when using electric powered tools should be avoided. 11. The only safe way to light the torch, when joining metals using gas as a heat source, is to use the spark lighter. 12. It's not so dangerous to inhale cadmium fumes if the workspace is well ventilated. Read the «Safety Precautions» on the next page, check your answers above and correct the wrong statements.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε statement διασταυρώνεται με τη λίστα «Safety Precautions» (σελ.164-165): #1↔κανόνας 12 (σωστό), #2↔κανόνας 1 (σωστό), #3↔κανόνας 14 «use only suitable bits...and lock them properly before turning the power on» (σωστό), #4↔κανόνας 3 «wear safety glasses or goggles...when there is a danger of flying chips» (άρα ΛΑΝΘΑΣΜΕΝΟ statement — χρειάζεται προστασία ματιών), #5↔κανόνας 5 (σωστό), #6↔κανόνας 4 «Always wear a face shield during electric brazing or welding» (ΛΑΝΘΑΣΜΕΝΟ — δεν αρκούν γυαλιά+φόρμα, χρειάζεται ασπίδα προσώπου), #7↔κανόνας 15 (σωστό), #8↔κανόνας 1 «Roll your sleeves up» (ΛΑΝΘΑΣΜΕΝΟ — πρέπει να γυρίσεις τα μανίκια, όχι απλώς να τα σηκώσεις πάνω από τον αγκώνα χωρίς να τα στερεώσεις), #9↔κανόνας 1 «Always remove your watch, rings...» (ΛΑΝΘΑΣΜΕΝΟ — πάντα, όχι μόνο αν είσαι προσεκτικός), #10↔κανόνας 16 (σωστό), #11↔κανόνας 8 «Always use the spark lighter...Never use a match» (σωστό), #12↔κανόνας 7 «Cadmium fumes are very poisonous. Never inhale them» (ΛΑΝΘΑΣΜΕΝΟ — επικίνδυνο ανεξαρτήτως αερισμού).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Σωστά: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11. Λανθασμένα (να διορθωθούν): 4 (χρειάζεται πάντα προστασία ματιών σε τρύπημα/τρόχισμα/σφυρηλασία), 6 (χρειάζεται ασπίδα προσώπου, όχι μόνο γυαλιά, σε ηλεκτροσυγκόλληση), 8 (πρέπει να γυρίσεις/στερεώσεις τα μανίκια, όχι απλώς να τα σηκώσεις), 9 (πρέπει ΠΑΝΤΑ να βγάζεις ρολόι/κοσμήματα, ανεξαρτήτως προσοχής), 12 (τα αναθυμιάσματα καδμίου είναι πάντα επικίνδυνα, ακόμη κι αν αερίζεται ο χώρος).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ταξινόμηση κανόνων ασφαλείας κατά κατηγορία (Exercise 1)

Ερώτηση: Classify the safety precautions according to what they refer to. a. Hand tools: e.g. Instruction numbers: 10, b. Proper appearance in the machine shop: c. Power tools: d. Protective clothing and accessories: e. Joining metals with a heat source:

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε έναν από τους 16 κανόνες (σελ.164-165) εντάσσεται σε ΜΙΑ από τις 5 κατηγορίες βάσει του περιεχομένου του: οι κανόνες 10-12 αφορούν εργαλεία χειρός (κλειστές λάμες, μη μεταφορά στην τσέπη, μεταφορά με τη μύτη κάτω)· ο κανόνας 1 αφορά τη σωστή εμφάνιση (μαλλιά/κοσμήματα/μανίκια/ρούχα σε κινούμενα μηχανήματα)· οι κανόνες 2-6 αφορούν προστατευτικό ρουχισμό/εξοπλισμό (φόρμα, γυαλιά, ασπίδα, γάντια, μάσκα)· οι κανόνες 7-9 αφορούν την ένωση μετάλλων με θερμότητα (κάδμιο, σπινθηριστής, οξυγόνο)· οι κανόνες 13-16 αφορούν ηλεκτρικά εργαλεία (καλώδιο, εξαρτήματα, γείωση, υγρός χώρος).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. Hand tools: 10, 11, 12. b. Proper appearance in the machine shop: 1. c. Power tools: 13, 14, 15, 16. d. Protective clothing and accessories: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. e. Joining metals with a heat source: 7, 8, 9.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Οι κανόνες 3-4 (γυαλιά/ασπίδα προσώπου) θα μπορούσαν εννοιολογικά να σχετίζονται και με την ένωση μετάλλων (συγκόλληση)· εντάσσονται εδώ στην «προστατευτικό ρουχισμό» επειδή περιγράφουν ΕΞΟΠΛΙΣΜΟ, όχι διαδικασία.

Σύνθεση προτάσεων A-B (Exercise 3)

Ερώτηση: Make meaningful sentences by joining their parts. A: 1. A non-flammable gas should be used 2. When using electric hand tools, you risk being electrocuted 3. Your feet may be injured 4. Loose clothing may be caught in moving machinery, 5. You risk cuts and scratches 6. To carry pointed or sharp tools safely, 7. To protect your clothing, 8. Falls may occur 9. It is advisable 10. You shouldn't be engaged in any work activity — B: a. you'd better wrap their points, blades and cutting edges, first. b. so fasten all your buttons. c. always wear overalls or aprons when working with metal. d. if your hands are wet. e. to wear a mask when gas brazing or welding. f. if you wear lightweight shoes in the workshop. g. if you don't have the necessary knowledge or expertise to carry it out. h. when you carry sharp tools in your pockets. i. if there is oil or grease on the floor of the machine shop. j. when testing for leaks.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε ζεύγος βασίζεται σε ρητή πληροφορία των Safety Precautions/εισαγωγικού κειμένου: 1↔j (κανόνας 9, οξυγόνο/διαρροές), 2↔d (κανόνας 16, στεγνά χέρια), 3↔f (κατάλληλα υποδήματα εργαστηρίου), 4↔b (κανόνας 1, κούμπωμα μανικιών), 5↔h (κανόνας 11, εργαλεία στην τσέπη), 6↔a (κανόνας 12, τύλιξη αιχμηρών άκρων), 7↔c (κανόνας 2, φόρμα/ποδιά), 8↔i (λάδι/γράσο στο πάτωμα), 9↔e (κανόνας 6, μάσκα σε συγκόλληση), 10↔g (εισαγωγικό κείμενο σελ.162, «unless you have the technical knowledge and expertise»).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-j, 2-d, 3-f, 4-b, 5-h, 6-a, 7-c, 8-i, 9-e, 10-g.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Δραστηριότητες και κίνδυνοι (Exercise 4)

Ερώτηση: Say during which work activities you run the risk of: a. an injury in the eyes: e.g. while hammering b. scratches and cuts: c. being electrocuted: d. being caught in moving machinery: e. sustaining a burn:

Απάντηση:

• Οι απαντήσεις προκύπτουν άμεσα από τους Safety Precautions: μάτια — «hammering» (δίνεται ως παράδειγμα) και επίσης «grinders», «gas brazing or welding» (κανόνες 3, 5)· κοπές/γρατζουνιές — μεταφορά αιχμηρών εργαλείων στην τσέπη ή χωρίς τύλιγμα (κανόνες 11-12)· ηλεκτροπληξία — χρήση ηλεκτρικών εργαλείων με βρεγμένα χέρια/σε υγρό δάπεδο, μη γειωμένο εργαλείο (κανόνες 15-16)· πιάσιμο σε μηχανή — μακριά μαλλιά/κοσμήματα/χαλαρά ρούχα κοντά σε κινούμενα μηχανήματα (κανόνας 1)· έγκαυμα — ηλεκτροσυγκόλληση/συγκόλληση με αέριο, τόξο ηλεκτροσυγκόλλησης (κανόνες 3-4).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. Eye injury: while hammering, grinding, buffing, or during gas/electric brazing and welding. b. Scratches and cuts: while carrying sharp or pointed tools in your pocket or unwrapped. c. Electrocution: while using electrically powered tools with wet hands or standing on a wet spot, or with an ungrounded tool. d. Caught in moving machinery: while wearing loose clothing, long untied hair or jewellery near moving machinery. e. Burn: while brazing or welding (gas or electric).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ταξινόμηση εξοπλισμού ασφαλείας (Exercise 5)

Ερώτηση: Classify the safety equipment used by metal workers under the following categories: a. head (long hair, eye and face) protection: b. hand protection: c. breathing protection: d. clothing protection:

Απάντηση:

• Τα είδη εξοπλισμού αναφέρονται ρητά στους Safety Precautions και στις εικόνες τους (σελ.164-165): «Head/face shields», «Safety glasses», «Goggles», «Helmet» (κεφάλι/μάτια/πρόσωπο)· «Gloves» (χέρια)· «Mask» (αναπνοή)· «overall or apron» (ρουχισμός).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. Head/eye/face protection: face shields, safety glasses/goggles, helmet. b. Hand protection: gloves. c. Breathing protection: mask. d. Clothing protection: overall, apron.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Λεξιλόγιο εισαγωγικής παραγράφου (Exercise 6A)

Ερώτηση: Match the following with words or phrases. A. In the introductory paragraph: 1. to take place; happen: 2. lack of knowledge: 3. written account of facts, events, etc: 4. less important: 5. right; correct; suitable: 6. to ensure; to make certain / safe / reliable: 7. condition of having good health, comfortable living and working conditions: 8. to take part; undertake; get involved into: 9. expert knowledge and skill: 10. tidy; well arranged; in good order:

Απάντηση:

• Οι όροι εντοπίζονται αυτούσιοι στην εισαγωγική παράγραφο (σελ.162): «Many fatal accidents occur because of ignorance», «Records show that most minor accidents...», «bear always in mind that safe practices and proper methods are for you», «to prevent accidents and secure the health, safety and welfare of all persons at work», «Don't be engaged in any work activity, unless you have the technical knowledge and expertise», «keep the work space clean and orderly».

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. to occur, 2. ignorance, 3. records, 4. minor, 5. proper, 6. to secure, 7. welfare, 8. to be engaged in, 9. expertise, 10. orderly.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Λεξιλόγιο ενότητας Safety Precautions (Exercise 6B)

Ερώτηση: Match the following with words or phrases. B. In the «Safety precautions»: 1. protective device for the head or face: 2. to put round, cover, fold as a covering for protection: 3. to breath in; to take something, e.g. air, into your lungs: 4. material or substance that catches fire and burns easily: 5. a risk; something that can be dangerous; the possibility of an accident or other undesirable results: 6. sudden, violent burst of energy (e.g. caused by a bomb or burning gases), which is usually accompanied by a very loud noise: 7. to connect an electric apparatus, tool, etc, with the ground (to earth it) as a safety precaution against electric shock: 8. the pipes, water tanks, etc. in a building:

Απάντηση:

• Οι όροι εντοπίζονται αυτούσιοι στους Safety Precautions (σελ.164-165, και στην υποσημείωση): «Head/face shields», «wrap», «Never inhale them» (cadmium fumes), «non-flammable gas», «danger of flying chips», «explosive mixture» (υποσημείωση), «Always ground portable electric hand tools», «Don't touch plumbing».

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. shield(s), 2. to wrap, 3. to inhale, 4. flammable, 5. danger, 6. explosive, 7. to ground/earth, 8. plumbing.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Συμπλήρωση προθέσεων (Exercise 8)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the gaps with the suitable preposition. Choose from the list: in on with up to of into from as. 1. For many years SHAFF has supplied its customers drafting media of excellent quality. 2. Hundreds of workers have been engaged the construction of the new highway. 3. Most metals are extracted earth an ore. They are classified two major categories: the ferrous and the non-ferrous metals. 4. Drawing instruments were still made wood thirty years ago. 5. It's the best lathe the market. 6. I'm interested buying a new electronic plotter. 7. Gold is an extremely durable metal, that is, it is resistant corrosion. 8. Depending the amount of carbon added iron, steel is classed high-, medium- and low-carbon steel. 9. Drafting heads speed drafting time. 10. He has recently equipped his workshop a new gas welding equipment.

Απάντηση:

• Πρόκειται για σταθερούς προθετικούς συνδυασμούς της αγγλικής (supply somebody WITH something, engaged IN, extracted FROM the earth AS an ore, classified INTO categories, made OF wood, on the market, interested IN, resistant TO, depending ON, added TO, classed AS, speed UP, equipped WITH).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. with, 2. in, 3. from...as...into, 4. of, 5. on, 6. in, 7. to, 8. on...to...as, 9. up, 10. with.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Έκφραση υποχρέωσης/αναγκαιότητας (Expressing Obligation/Necessity)

Ερώτηση: Complete the sentences with the suitable verb (must, should, have to...), to express the kind of obligation required. Justify your choice. 1. All technicians be informed about the new products on the market and their specifications. 2. A technician always practise safe working procedures. 3. «On hearing the fire alarm, all personnel leave the building immediately», said the fire brigade officer. 4. «For your safety, you always ground portable electric tools», is written in the instructions manual. 5. Technicians be willing to do a fair share of manual work. 6. You see that film; it's fantastic. 7. A technician be sociable, cooperative, honest and sincere. 8. «I'm glad I don't work today», said my father. 9. «You wear an overall in the workshop to protect your clothing», suggested the supervisor. 10. Most technicians be strong enough to work under conditions that require muscular action. 11. «We hurry, or we miss the train», his friend warned. 12. «As there is water on the floor, we wear rubber shoes if we are to use ungrounded power tools», said John. 13. «You n't smoke near the petrol pump. It's very dangerous», said the man. 14. «If we want to increase our productivity, we buy new machinery», my partner insisted.

Απάντηση:

• Η επιλογή ρήματος βασίζεται στο είδος υποχρέωσης που υπονοεί κάθε πρόταση: γενική σύσταση/συμβουλή → should· κανόνας/γραπτή οδηγία/επείγουσα ανάγκη → must· υποχρέωση λόγω περίστασης/έλλειψη υποχρέωσης → have to· απαγόρευση → mustn't.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. should, 2. must, 3. must, 4. must, 5. should, 6. must, 7. should, 8. have to, 9. should, 10. have to, 11. must, 12. must, 13. mustn't, 14. have to.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Σε αρκετά σημεία (π.χ. 1, 5, 7, 9) γίνονται δεκτές και εναλλακτικές αποδεκτές επιλογές (should/must/have to) ανάλογα με τον βαθμό αυστηρότητας που θέλει να αποδώσει ο μαθητής — δικαιολόγησε πάντα την επιλογή σου.

3η υποθετική: σωστός τύπος ρήματος (3rd Conditional, Ex.1)

Ερώτηση: The sentences below belong to the 3rd type of conditional sentences. Write the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. If he (be) more careful, he (not have) an electric shock. 2. If they (follow) the instructions, the accident (not happen) . 3. If you (read) the specifications, you (buy) some other model to meet your requirements. 4. If he (not carry) the tin snips in his pocket, he (not cut) his hand. 5. If you (surface harden) the chisel, it (not break) . 6. If you (equip) your business with CNC machine tools, you (increase) your productivity. 7. If they (make) the construction of aluminium, it (be) more durable. 8. If the operators (not make) so many mistakes, the accident (not occur) . 9. Is she (come) on time, we (not miss) the train. 10. If I (not drink) so much wine last night, I (not have) this awful headache.

Απάντηση:

• Η 3η υποθετική (σελ.170) ακολουθεί τον τύπο «If + Past Perfect, ... would/could/might + have + past participle», όπως δίνεται στον πίνακα του βιβλίου. Κάθε πρόταση μετασχηματίζεται σε αυτόν τον τύπο διατηρώντας το νόημα αιτίου-αποτελέσματος του πρωτοτύπου.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. If he had been more careful, he wouldn't have had an electric shock. 2. If they had followed the instructions, the accident wouldn't have happened. 3. If you had read the specifications, you would have bought some other model. 4. If he hadn't carried the tin snips in his pocket, he wouldn't have cut his hand. 5. If you had surface hardened the chisel, it wouldn't have broken. 6. If you had equipped your business with CNC machine tools, you would have increased your productivity. 7. If they had made the construction of aluminium, it would have been more durable. 8. If the operators hadn't made so many mistakes, the accident wouldn't have occurred. 9. If she had come on time, we wouldn't have missed the train. 10. If I hadn't drunk so much wine last night, I wouldn't have had this awful headache.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Η φράση 9 τυπώνεται στο PDF ως «Is she (come)...» αντί «If she (come)...» (πιθανό τυπογραφικό/OCR ζήτημα του συγκεκριμένου αντιτύπου) — η λύση ερμηνεύει ορθά το νόημα ως «If».

3η υποθετική: σύνθεση προτάσεων από περιστατικά (3rd Conditional, Ex.2)

Ερώτηση: Make 3rd conditional sentences out of the following situations. e.g. He didn't clean the grease from the floor. He slipped and broke his leg. → If he had cleaned the grease from the floor, he wouldn't have slipped and broken his leg. 1. He didn't replace the cracked handle of the hammer. It broke causing a serious accident. 2. They didn't start new factories. Many people were unemployed at my parents' time. 3. I didn't know she was coming. I didn't meet her at the airport. 4. He didn't have enough money then. He didn't buy the model he liked so much. 5. We didn't notice the road sign. We took the wrong direction.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε ζεύγος προτάσεων (μία αρνητική αιτία, ένα αρνητικό/θετικό αποτέλεσμα) μετασχηματίζεται σε 3η υποθετική με το ίδιο μοτίβο του δοσμένου παραδείγματος: «If he had cleaned..., he wouldn't have slipped...».

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. If he had replaced the cracked handle of the hammer, it wouldn't have broken causing a serious accident. 2. If they had started new factories, many people wouldn't have been unemployed at my parents' time. 3. If I had known she was coming, I would have met her at the airport. 4. If he had had enough money then, he would have bought the model he liked so much. 5. If we had noticed the road sign, we wouldn't have taken the wrong direction.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης: