Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 17 φιλτραρισμένων κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 63-76): εξόρυξη/κράματα, ταξινόμηση μετάλλων, ιδιότητες (ελατότητα/ολκιμότητα/ελαστικότητα/ανθεκτικότητα), χύτευση και θερμική κατεργασία, συγκριτικός βαθμός/ταξινόμηση εννοιών, ενεργητική/παθητική φωνή.
Ερώτηση: Identify the words defined below and write them in the spaces provided. Say the Greek equivalent term for each one of them. 1. The process of changing something from a solid to a liquid by heating it. 2. Rock or earth from which metal can be obtained. 3. Getting something from other materials by using industrial or chemical processes. 4. The process of obtaining something from the ground by digging holes and tunnels. 5. An enclosed space in which iron ore is heated under pressure so that it melts and the pure iron metal separates out. 6. Metals not mixed with others. 7. A metal made by mixing two or more types of metals together. 8. A series of actions carried out to achieve a particular result; a method.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. melting (τήξη)· 2. ore (μετάλλευμα)· 3. extraction (εξαγωγή)· 4. mining (εξόρυξη)· 5. blast furnace (υψικάμινος)· 6. pure metals (καθαρά μέταλλα)· 7. alloy (κράμα)· 8. process (διαδικασία/μέθοδος).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: What metals are brass and bronze composed of? Brass is composed of ... . Bronze is composed of ... .
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Brass (ορείχαλκος) = copper + zinc (χαλκός + ψευδάργυρος). Bronze (μπρούντζος) = copper + zinc + tin (χαλκός + ψευδάργυρος + κασσίτερος), σύμφωνα με το διάγραμμα της άσκησης.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Write the comparative form of the following adjectives: high, much, skilful, easy, many, durable, soon, little, malleable, hard, good, ductile, big, bad, difficult.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) high→higher· much→more· skilful→more skilful· easy→easier· many→more· durable→more durable· soon→sooner· little→less· malleable→more malleable· hard→harder· good→better· ductile→more ductile· big→bigger· bad→worse· difficult→more difficult.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Using the cues below make sentences as in the example (e.g. (high) the carbon content / (hard) the steel becomes → The higher the carbon content (is), the harder the steel (becomes)). 1. (skilful) the draftsman / (good) his drawings. 2. (good) the quality of drawing instruments / (good) the drawings. 3. (high) the carbon content in steel / (strong) the tools become. 4. (sharp) a knife / (little) effort is required when cutting. 5. (skilful) a worker / (easy) to find a job. 6. (fast) a car goes / (dangerous) it becomes.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. The more skilful the draftsman (is), the better his drawings (are). 2. The better the quality of drawing instruments (is), the better the drawings (are). 3. The higher the carbon content in steel (is), the stronger the tools become. 4. The sharper a knife (is), the less effort is required when cutting. 5. The more skilful a worker (is), the easier (it is) to find a job. 6. The faster a car goes, the more dangerous it becomes.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Use expressions from the appropriate table to make sentences out of the cues below: 1. Tools → hand tools and machine tools. 2. Metals → ferrous and non-ferrous. 3. Hammers → hand tools widely used by technicians. 4. Copper → non-ferrous metals. 5. Refrigerator trucks → trucks. 6. Geometrical shapes → solids and planes. 7. Prisms → solids. 8. Oxygen → gas. 9. Coal, lignite, turf and oil → fossil fuels. 10. Set squares → drafting instruments. 11. Steel → alloy. 12. Platinum, gold and silver → non-ferrous metals found in small amounts. 13. Technical and Vocational schools → Secondary Education schools. 14. Matter → organic and inorganic.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Tools can be classified into hand tools and machine tools. 2. Metals can be classified into ferrous and non-ferrous. 3. A hammer is a type of hand tool widely used by technicians. 4. Copper is a type of non-ferrous metal. 5. A refrigerator truck is a type of truck. 6. Geometrical shapes can be classified into solids and planes. 7. A prism is a type of solid. 8. Oxygen is a type of gas. 9. Coal, lignite, turf and oil are types of fossil fuels. 10. Set squares are a type of drafting instrument. 11. Steel is a type of alloy. 12. Platinum, gold and silver are non-ferrous metals found in small amounts. 13. Technical and Vocational schools are a type of Secondary Education school. 14. Matter can be classified into organic and inorganic.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Write the properties of the following metals as presented in the text: copper, tin, gold, chromium, aluminium, steel, lead, platinum.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) copper: malleable, ductile. tin: ductile. gold: malleable, durable. chromium: durable. aluminium: ductile, durable. steel: elastic (some alloys). lead: malleable. platinum: durable.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Write the English and Greek term for each of the metal properties defined below. 1. The ability of a metal to be stretched without breaking and to retain its new shape. 2. The ability of a metal to resist corrosion. 3. The ability of a metal to be shaped when cold by hammering or rolling out without breaking and to keep its new shape. 4. The ability of a metal to return to its original shape.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. ductility (ολκιμότητα). 2. durability (ανθεκτικότητα). 3. malleability (ελατότητα). 4. elasticity (ελαστικότητα).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: In the spaces provided in the table, next to each Greek term, write: a) its equivalent English term (noun) and b) the corresponding verb. Greek terms: ένταση/τάση, πίεση/θλίψη, ένταση/έκταση/εφελκυσμός, διάβρωση, αντίσταση (e.g. resistance).
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) ένταση/τάση = stress (to stress). πίεση/θλίψη = pressure (to press). ένταση/έκταση/εφελκυσμός = tension (to stretch). διάβρωση = corrosion (to corrode). αντίσταση = resistance (to resist) [παράδειγμα].
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Identify the defined verbs. 1. If you something, you get it back again (e.g. as a metal gets back its original shape). 2. If you something, you continue to have that thing, shape, property, etc. 3. If you exercise or power, stress, pressure, etc. on something, you use it or put it into effect. 4. If you something from somewhere, you take it away or off. 5. If someone or something ___ a damage of some kind, they remain unharmed or undamaged by it.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. regain. 2. retain. 3. exert. 4. remove. 5. resist.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Which of the above verbs has: 1. a similar meaning to the verb: a) draw? b) oppose? 2. the opposite meaning to the verb a) remove? b) loose?
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1a. exert (similar to draw). 1b. resist (similar to oppose). 2a. retain (opposite of remove). 2b. regain (opposite of loose/lose).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: The paragraph below presents the differences between malleable and ductile metals. Fill in the gaps with the missing information (stretching, change shape without breaking, retain, regains its original shape, hammering or pressing, rolled into sheets, stretched into wires): Malleable and ductile metals can (1). In a malleable metal, the change of shape can be made by (2), whereas in a ductile, by (3). A malleable material can be (4), while a ductile one can be (5). After being hammered, pressed, stretched, etc., malleable and ductile metals (6) their new shape. An elastic metal, on the other hand, when the exerted stress is removed, (7)___.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) (1) change shape without breaking. (2) hammering or pressing. (3) stretching. (4) rolled into sheets. (5) stretched into wires. (6) retain. (7) regains its original shape.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: The table indicates to what degree the various metals below have each of the three properties. Study it. Metal Malleability Ductility Durability: lead, chromium, zinc, cast iron, nickel, brass, steel, bronze, tin. Note: 4 extremely, 3 very, 2 quite, 1 not very, - not at all. Use the table to comment on the above metals and their properties. Examples: Lead is not very ductile, but it is more ductile than cast iron. Brass is quite ductile. Nickel is not so durable / is less durable than brass.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Ενδεικτικές επιπλέον συγκρίσεις με βάση τον πίνακα: Tin is much more malleable, ductile and durable than cast iron. Chromium and bronze are the most durable metals in the table (extremely durable). Steel is not very durable (less durable than brass).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match words with definitions: 1. brittle 2. treatment 3. tough 4. foundry 5. mould — a) a place where metal or glass is melted and formed into a particular shape b) a container used to form something into a particular shape c) something that is hard but breaks easily d) something strong and difficult to break or cut e) process followed to obtain a desired result.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-c (brittle), 2-e (treatment), 3-d (tough), 4-a (foundry), 5-b (mould).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose the appropriate form of the bold-typed words to fill in the gaps. 1. harden-hardness-hard: a) The of metals greatly depends on the amount of carbon. b) A very tool breaks easily. c) We add carbon to metals to them. 2. brittleness-brittle: a) To remove some from tools, we apply tempering. b) Ice is a material. 3. toughen-toughness-tough: a) rubber is needed for tyres. b) To metals, we apply tempering. c) A special treatment increases the of the leather. 4. soften-softness-soft: a) Her handbag is made of leather. b) Heat metals. c) Velvet is famous for its ___.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. a) hardness b) hard c) harden. 2. a) brittleness b) brittle. 3. a) Tough b) toughen c) toughness. 4. a) soft b) softens c) softness.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Which process of heat treatment does the information on the left column belong to? Tick appropriately (Hardening/Tempering/Annealing/Surface hardening): 1. The metal is softened. 2. It is applied to low-carbon steel and wrought iron. 3. A degree of hardness and brittleness is removed. 4. Carbon is added to the surface of the metal part. 5. Hardness is added to the metal. 6. The metal becomes easier to machine and shape. 7. It is applied to hardened steel tools. 8. It is applied when a hard surface is needed. 9. It is the opposite of hardening. 10. It increases the toughness of steel tools.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Annealing. 2. Surface hardening. 3. Tempering. 4. Surface hardening. 5. Hardening. 6. Annealing. 7. Tempering. 8. Surface hardening. 9. Annealing. 10. Tempering.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Underline the correct verb form. 1. I have decided / have been decided to become a plumber. 2. The development of our civilisation bases largely / is largely based on the services of the mechanical engineering technicians. 3. In the mechanical engineering field, ability and skill recognise and reward / are recognised and rewarded. 4. Machine tools have brought / have been brought a revolution to metal working industry. 5. The pipes have joined / have been joined securely. 6. A refrigeration technician installs and maintains / is installed and maintained refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. 7. Most tools produce / are produced by founding. 8. The car mechanic adjusted / was adjusted the carburettor yesterday. 9. Traditional drawing will soon replace / be replaced by Computer Assisted Drawing (CAD). 10. Thousands of cars import / are imported from Japan every year. 11. Mechanical engineers design / are designed engines and machines and supervise / are supervised their maintenance.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. have decided. 2. is largely based. 3. are recognised and rewarded. 4. have brought. 5. have been joined. 6. installs and maintains. 7. are produced. 8. adjusted. 9. be replaced. 10. are imported. 11. design ... supervise.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: The sentences below are in the passive voice. Form the verbs in parentheses appropriately. 1. Mechanical engineering technicians (need) in the manufacture of ventilation equipment. 2. Most metal products (develop) from drawings presenting the designer's idea on paper. 3. In most parts of the world, dimensions (measure) in the metric system. 4. A ductile metal can (stretch) into wires easily and when the stress (remove) it retains its new shape. 5. The plotter (control) by a computer. 6. My car (make) in France. 7. The machine (repair) first thing tomorrow morning. 8. The screw pump, a clever device for lifting water, (invent) by Archimedes. 9. Metals (extract) from the ore by means of heat. 10. The properties of metals (determine) ___ by the carbon content in them.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. are needed. 2. are developed. 3. are measured. 4. be stretched ... is removed. 5. is controlled. 6. is made. 7. will be repaired. 8. was invented. 9. are extracted. 10. are determined.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης: