Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 43 φιλτραρισμένων κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 260-297): θερμότητα/ψύξη, μέθοδοι ψύξης (πάγος/απορρόφηση/συμπίεση), κύκλος συστήματος συμπίεσης, ψυκτικά μέσα και περιβάλλον, διαδικασία φόρτισης συστήματος με ψυκτικό.
Ερώτηση: Read the text and answer the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. What is heat? What is cold? What is refrigeration? What is refrigeration used for?
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Heat = μορφή ενέργειας. Cold = απουσία θερμότητας. Refrigeration = η διαδικασία αφαίρεσης θερμότητας από αντικείμενο/χώρο και διατήρησής της χαμηλής. Χρησιμοποιείται για συντήρηση τροφίμων/φαρμάκων (cold storage) και άνετη ατμόσφαιρα χώρων (comfort space cooling).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match the two columns to make meaningful sentences. 1. Heat is contained 2. Cold is produced 3. Refrigeration is 4. Cold is 5. The absolute zero is 6. Heat is 7. Cold storage 8. Some substances in changing state 9. The abstracted heat 10. The rate of heat absorption — a. used for cold storage and comfort space cooling. b. is expressed in TR, BTU/h or kW. c. a form of energy. d. absorb heat from the surrounding space and so produce low temperatures. e. - 273 °C. f. in every object. g. is measured in cal or BTU. h. when heat is removed from an object or space. i. is used to preserve perishable foods, pharmaceuticals, etc. j. the absence of heat.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-f, 2-h, 3-i, 4-j, 5-e, 6-c, 7-a, 8-d, 9-g, 10-b.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: A. Underline the following words in the text. § 1: form, removed, decreases, falls. § 2: process, lowering, maintaining. § 3: items, pharmaceuticals, provide, spaces. § 4: appropriate, vapour. § 5: expressed, rate. B. Replace each of the underlined words with its synonym from the list below: places, drops, medicines, kind, falls, objects, measured, suitable, degree, abstracted, method, gas, offer, keeping, reducing.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) form=kind· removed=abstracted· decreases/falls=drops· process=method· lowering=reducing· maintaining=keeping· items=objects· pharmaceuticals=medicines· provide=offer· spaces=places· appropriate=suitable· vapour=gas· expressed=measured· rate=degree.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: A. Identify the word defined in each of the sentences below and write it in the space provided. Choose from the list: cold storage, state, perishable, abstract/remove, absorb, refrigerate, preserve. 1. When you talk about the of a substance, you mean the form it is in, e.g. liquid. 2. If something a liquid, gas or other substance, it soaks it up or takes it in. 3. If you something from a place, you take it from there. 4. When you something, e.g. food, you lower its temperature in order to keep it in a good condition for long. 5. If you something, e.g. food, you take action to protect it from damage or decay. 6. is the process of keeping something in a special place, where the temperature is low, until it is needed. 7. Goods that are go bad after quite a short length of time. B. Fill in the gaps with words from the list in A above. 1. Meat and eggs are highly and must be put in the fridge before and after cooking. 2. the fish in the fridge until serving time. 3. Thanks to , foods and medicines can be kept in a good condition for long and they can be transported over long distances. 4. Matter can be found in all three : liquid, solid and gaseous. 5. Refrigeration is obtained when some substances, in changing state, heat from the surrounding air, thus lowering its temperature. 6. If you want to it longer, put it in the freezer. 7. Ice heat from the air and melts.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A: 1. state, 2. absorbs, 3. abstract/remove, 4. refrigerate, 5. preserve, 6. Cold storage, 7. perishable. B: 1. perishable, 2. Preserve/Refrigerate, 3. refrigeration, 4. states, 5. absorb, 6. preserve, 7. absorbs.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Make pairs of antonyms out of the two lists in each group. GROUP 1 A. absence – heat – remove – decrease – preserve. B. increase – cold – spoil; destroy – presence – keep; add. GROUP 2 A. refrigerate – lower – normal – appropriate – abstract – more. B. absorb; take in – inappropriate – raise – heat – less – abnormal.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) GROUP 1: absence-presence, heat-cold, remove-add, decrease-increase, preserve-spoil;destroy. GROUP 2: refrigerate-heat, lower-raise, normal-abnormal, appropriate-inappropriate, abstract-absorb;take in, more-less.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: EXPRESSING PARALLEL INCREASE. Pattern: The + comparative, → the + comparative. Use the cues below to make meaningful sentences. 1. (high) the pressure of a liquid is / (high) its temperature becomes. 2. (explosive) a refrigerant is / (little) it is used. 3. (much) heat an object absorbs / (hot) it becomes. 4. (efficient) the heating system / (comfortable) the house. 5. (frequent) the maintenance of a machine is / (long) its life will be. 6. (low) the temperature foods are stored at / (long) they will be preserved. 7. (advanced) a device is / (expensive) it is. 8. (simple) the programming of a device / (friendly) to the user it is. 9. (hot) the weather / (much) water we need. 10. (little) you eat / (healthy) you are. 11. (fast) a car goes / (dangerous) it becomes. 12. (experienced) you are / (easy) you'll find a job. 13. (soon) the new machinery is installed / (good) for the firm. 14. (much) you smoke / (bad) for your health.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. The higher the pressure of a liquid is, the higher its temperature becomes. 2. The more explosive a refrigerant is, the less it is used. 3. The more heat an object absorbs, the hotter it becomes. 4. The more efficient the heating system, the more comfortable the house. 5. The more frequent the maintenance of a machine is, the longer its life will be. 6. The lower the temperature foods are stored at, the longer they will be preserved. 7. The more advanced a device is, the more expensive it is. 8. The simpler the programming of a device, the friendlier to the user it is. 9. The hotter the weather, the more water we need. 10. The less you eat, the healthier you are. 11. The faster a car goes, the more dangerous it becomes. 12. The more experienced you are, the easier you'll find a job. 13. The sooner the new machinery is installed, the better for the firm. 14. The more you smoke, the worse for your health.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Refrigeration from ice is the oldest method used to preserve or chill foodstuffs. How much do you know about it? Answer the questions. Then, read the text which follows and check your answers. 1. When did mechanical refrigerators start replacing iceboxes? 2. What did iceboxes consist of? 3. How is refrigeration achieved when ice is used as a refrigerant? 4. What is dry ice? 5. Is it possible to achieve quantity refrigeration employing this method?
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Λίγο πριν τον Α΄ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο. 2. Ερμάρια με τμήμα για πάγο, τμήμα για τρόφιμα και συρτάρι για το νερό από το λιωμένο πάγο. 3. Ο πάγος, καθώς λιώνει υπό ατμοσφαιρική πίεση, απορροφά θερμότητα από τον περιβάλλοντα αέρα. 4. Το στερεό διοξείδιο του άνθρακα (CO2), που περνά απευθείας από στερεό σε αέριο στους -78,5°C. 5. Όχι — είναι αδύνατη η ποσοτική ψύξη ή το ευέλικτο εύρος θερμοκρασιών με πάγο ή ξηρό πάγο.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Complete the diagram with the methods of refrigeration. Methods of Refrigeration → ___
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Methods of Refrigeration: 1. Refrigeration from ice, 2. Mechanical refrigeration (α. Absorption system, β. Compression system).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: A. Are the statements below true or false? Tick appropriately. 1. In Greece, iceboxes were widely used until mid-70's. 2. Ice has a constant fusion temperature of -5 °C. 3. Dry ice is suitable for preserving products at very low temperatures. 4. At normal atmospheric pressure, solid carbon dioxide changes from the vapour to the solid state at -59° C. 5. Ice can produce lower temperatures than dry ice. 6. The ice compartment of an icebox needs regular refilling and the water from the melting ice must be drained frequently. 7. Using ice as a cooling medium, we can obtain fully flexible ranges of refrigeration. 8. Due to the low temperatures it produces, ice can preserve foods for only a short time. B. Identify the wrong information in the false statements and correct it.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Λάθος: μέχρι τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του '60, όχι του '70. 2. Λάθος: 0°C, όχι -5°C. 3. Σωστό. 4. Λάθος: αλλάζει από στερεό σε αέριο στους -78,5°C. 5. Λάθος: ο ξηρός πάγος παράγει χαμηλότερες θερμοκρασίες από τον πάγο. 6. Σωστό. 7. Λάθος: δεν μπορούμε να πάρουμε ευέλικτο εύρος ψύξης με πάγο. 8. Σωστό.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match words with definitions. 1. substances which people eat; provisions 2. something that exists or happens over a large area 3. something that happens often 4. something that can change easily and adapt to various conditions or requirements 5. to remove a liquid from a place or object by making it to flow somewhere else 6. a separate part — a. to drain b. flexible c. compartment d. frequent e. foodstuffs f. widespread.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-e (foodstuffs), 2-f (widespread), 3-d (frequent), 4-b (flexible), 5-a (to drain), 6-c (compartment).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Look through the text to find words with a similar meaning to the following. § 1: not long, a little after or before something / accessible; handy / to keep; to maintain in a good condition. § 2: efficiency / refrigerant; refrigerating material / fixed; steady / melting / to take; to draw in / around. § 3: of low cost; not expensive / drawback / to need / often; regular. § 4: substance / usual / gaseous / state; form / to achieve / variable; versatile.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) §1: shortly – available – preserve. §2: effectiveness – cooling agent – constant – fusion – absorbs – surrounding. §3: cheap – disadvantages – requires – frequent. §4: material – normal – vapour – phase – obtain – flexible.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose the correct alternative. 1. In mechanical refrigeration, the refrigerant circulates in a closed/open system. 2. Heat-operated air-conditioning and refrigerating units operate with the heat produced by electric power/coal or lignite/gas. 3. Absorption principle is now employed largely/rarely in air-conditioning units. 4. Absorption refrigerators use ice/ammonia/R-12,22 etc. as a cooling medium. 5. Nowadays there are only a few/a lot of gas refrigerators. 6. Compression systems use solid carbon dioxide/ice/R-12, R-22, R-123, R-134a etc. as a cooling agent. 7. The cycle of refrigeration in both mechanical refrigeration systems comprises four/five/six main components. 8. The compression system is widely/rarely used for cold storage and comfort space cooling. 9. The absorption method is not widely used because the refrigerant it uses doesn't produce low temperatures/is toxic and explosive/is expensive. 10. In mechanical refrigeration, as the refrigerant flows from one component to the other, it changes from solid to vapour/liquid to vapour/solid to liquid. 11. In both mechanical refrigeration systems, refrigeration is produced in the condenser/evaporator/compressor. 12. Only two/three/all four components in the refrigeration cycle are the same in the two systems of mechanical refrigeration.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. closed. 2. gas. 3. largely. 4. ammonia. 5. a few. 6. R-12, R-22, R-123, R-134a etc. 7. four. 8. widely. 9. is toxic and explosive. 10. liquid to vapour. 11. evaporator. 12. two.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Look through the text to find the words that could be replaced with the following: A. In the «Mechanical Refrigeration»: 1. continuous 2. refrigeration 3. fluid 4. fully; entirely 5. basic. B. In the «Absorption System»: 1. before; in the past 2. household 3. components; elements 4. thus; consequently. C. In the «Compression System»: 1. uses 2. cooling media.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A: 1. constant, 2. cooling, 3. refrigerant, 4. completely, 5. main. B: 1. formerly, 2. domestic, 3. parts, 4. thereby. C: 1. employ, 2. refrigerants.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Odd-one out. 1. latent, latter, hidden, invisible. 2. comprise, employ, apply, use. 3. kind, sort, category, type. 4. achieve, obtain, fulfill, win. 5. create, produce, invent, generate. 6. operate, perform, work, function.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. odd: latter. 2. odd: comprise. 3. odd: category. 4. odd: fulfill. 5. odd: invent. 6. odd: perform.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Use the information on the three methods of refrigeration and tick the grid appropriately (From ice / Absorption / Compression): 1. used if electric power isn't available. 2. widely used for cold storage and comfort space cooling all over the world. 3. used mainly for comfort space cooling. 4. gas is used to heat the refrigerant. 5. refrigeration is achieved without mechanical means. 6. electricity is used as a source of energy. 7. flexible ranges of refrigeration can be obtained. 8. quantity refrigeration is not possible. 9. foodstuffs can be preserved for long. 10. foodstuffs are preserved for short. 11. expensive construction. 12. frequent drainage needed. 13. constant temperature of refrigeration. 14. toxic and explosive refrigerant. 15. frequent refilling with refrigerant needed. 16. difficult maintenance. 17. cheap method. 18. ammonia used as a refrigerant. 19. ice used as a refrigerant. 20. R-12, 22, 123, 134-a etc. used as a cooling agent. 21. the refrigerant circulates in a closed system. 22. its main parts are: the evaporator, the compressor, the condenser and the expansion device. 23. its main parts are: the generator, the condenser, the evaporator and the absorber.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Ice. 2. Compression. 3. Absorption. 4. Absorption. 5. Ice. 6. Compression. 7. Absorption & Compression. 8. Ice. 9. Absorption & Compression. 10. Ice. 11. Absorption. 12. Ice. 13. Ice. 14. Absorption (αμμωνία). 15. Ice. 16. Absorption. 17. Ice. 18. Absorption. 19. Ice. 20. Compression. 21. Absorption & Compression. 22. Compression. 23. Absorption.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose the correct alternative. 1. The compressor a. extracts sensible and latent heat from the high temperature and pressure gas refrigerant. b. draws in the refrigerant and compresses it. c. is surrounded by air which acts as a cooling medium. d. sometimes constitutes the whole refrigerator cabinet. 2. The condenser a. cools the gas refrigerant and condenses it to a liquid. b. discharges the refrigerant in the form of a high temperature and pressure gas. c. is located near the evaporator inlet. d. is driven by a motor. 3. The expansion device a. is placed in an insulated space. b. rejects sensible and latent heat to a cooling medium. c. is the main part in the refrigeration cycle. d. controls the flow of the liquid refrigerant. 4. The evaporator a. discharges the refrigerant to the condenser. b. uses the water circulating through it as a cooling medium. c. is the part of the system where refrigeration is achieved. d. is an expansion valve, also called throttling valve, or a capillary tube.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Classify the above sentences (from Exercise 1: 1a-1d, 2a-2d, 3a-3d, 4a-4d) under the appropriate component in the table below: COMPRESSOR / CONDENSER / EXPANSION DEVICE / EVAPORATOR. (e.g. It extracts sensible and latent heat from the high temperature and pressure gas refrigerant. (1-a) → CONDENSER).
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) COMPRESSOR: 1-b (draws in/compresses), 2-d (driven by a motor — στην πραγματικότητα περιγράφει επίσης τον compressor), 3-c (main part in the cycle). CONDENSER: 1-a (extracts sensible/latent heat), 2-a (cools/condenses to liquid), 4-a (discharges to... — αντίστοιχο της compressor→condenser ροής). EXPANSION DEVICE: 3-a (insulated space — σχετίζεται με θέση κοντά στον evaporator), 3-d (controls flow), 4-d (expansion valve/capillary tube). EVAPORATOR: 1-d (whole refrigerator cabinet — σε οικιακά ψυγεία), 2-c (located near evaporator inlet — αναφέρεται στην expansion device, τοποθετημένη κοντά στον evaporator), 4-b (uses water as cooling medium — cross-reference με condenser), 4-c (is the part where refrigeration is achieved).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Identify the component the information in the table below refers to. It is the component of the system where: 1. the gas refrigerant becomes liquid. 2. the low pressure and temperature gas refrigerant is changed to a high temperature and pressure gas. 3. the refrigerant is discharged after compression. 4. the pressure of the liquid refrigerant is reduced. 5. the refrigerant becomes a low pressure and temperature gas. 6. the refrigerant flows after leaving the condenser. 7. the liquid refrigerant boils and becomes a gas. 8. the refrigerant is drawn after leaving the evaporator. 9. the refrigerant arrives in the form of a liquid and leaves in the form of a gas. 10. the refrigerant arrives in the form of a gas and leaves in the form of a liquid.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Condenser. 2. Compressor. 3. Compressor (discharge to condenser). 4. Expansion device. 5. Expansion device / Evaporator inlet. 6. Expansion device (tubing from condenser). 7. Evaporator. 8. Compressor (suction). 9. Evaporator. 10. Condenser.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match the words in the lists with their definitions. GROUP A: a means, to extract, to suck, to expand, to reciprocate, to compress, an apparatus, an equation. Definitions: 1. to move backwards and forwards in a straight line. 2. to draw a liquid or air out of somewhere with a powerful force. 3. the equipment (tools, machines, devices) used to do a particular job. 4. to obtain a substance from something else by using industrial or chemical processes. 5. to press or squeeze something so that it takes less space. 6. a mathematical statement saying that two amounts or values are the same/equal. 7. to become larger or greater in size, number or amount. 8. a method, instrument or process used to do something.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. to reciprocate, 2. to suck, 3. an apparatus, 4. to extract, 5. to compress, 6. an equation, 7. to expand, 8. a means.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: GROUP B: located, to condense, centrifugal, to reject, sensible, to discharge, a medium. Definitions: 1. the force that makes objects move outwards when they are spinning around something or travelling in a curve. 2. to give or send out something, e.g. liquid, gas, electric current, etc. 3. to throw something away as not good enough to be kept. 4. something that is fitted, built, put in a particular space. 5. a substance or material used for a particular purpose or to produce a particular effect. 6. something that can be perceived (seen, heard, felt) by the senses, e.g., a fall in the temperature. 7. to change a gas or vapour to a liquid by cooling it.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. centrifugal, 2. to discharge, 3. to reject, 4. located, 5. a medium, 6. sensible, 7. to condense.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose words from the list to fill in the gaps. Form them appropriately. List: expand, suck, reject, rise, suction, extract, discharge, medium, apparatus. 1. Pumps the liquid in their case through an opening called port. 2. The part of the mechanical refrigeration cycle where the refrigerant heat is the condenser. 3. The opening in a pump's casing through which the liquid comes out is called outlet or port. 4. The condenser is the which liquefies the refrigerant by cooling it. 5. This method enables us to citric acid from lemons, oranges and grapefruit easily and at a very low cost. 6. When metals are heated, they . 7. Water starts boiling when its temperature to 100 °C. 8. Water is a cooling ___ used to absorb heat from the refrigerant as it flows through the condenser.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. suck ... suction. 2. rejects. 3. discharge. 4. apparatus. 5. extract. 6. expand. 7. rises. 8. medium.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Fill in the gaps. The refrigerant is drawn into the compressor through the sn valve in the form of a low te and pressure gas. There, it is compressed, and then dd to the cr in the form of a hh temperature and pe gas. In the condenser, the rt rejects ht into a cooling mm, and so it is condensed to a ld. Next, the refrigerant flows through the en device, where its pressure is rd, and enters the er. In there, the refrigerant as heat from the surrounding air or wr, boils and becomes a vr. Then, it moves back to the cr. This process is continuously repeated forming the ce of operation of the cn rn system.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) suction valve, low temperature, discharged, condenser, high temperature, pressure gas, refrigerant, heat, medium, liquid, expansion device, reduced, evaporator, absorbs, water, vapour, condenser, cycle, compression refrigeration system.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Identify the two sides of the compression cycle in the picture below. FREEZER 1. PRESSURE SIDE OF SYSTEM EVAPORATOR CAPILLARY TUBE COMPRESSOR CONDENSER 2. PRESSURE SIDE OF SYSTEM REFRIGERANT-LIQUID REFRIGERANT-VAPOR ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1 = LOW-pressure side of system (evaporator, capillary tube). 2 = HIGH-pressure side of system (compressor, condenser).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: The following paragraph refers to the high-pressure side: «The high-pressure side of the compression cycle includes the compressor discharge side, the tubing from the compressor to the condenser, the condenser and the tubing from the condenser to the inlet part of the expansion valve. In this side, the inlet part of the expansion valve is also included. The high-pressure side is at high temperature and pressure.» Write a similar paragraph describing the low-pressure side. The diagram will help you.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) The low-pressure side of the compression cycle includes the outlet part of the expansion valve, the tubing from the expansion valve to the evaporator, the evaporator, and the tubing from the evaporator to the compressor suction side. In this side, the compressor suction side is also included. The low-pressure side is at low temperature and pressure.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: A. Underline the correct verb form (active or passive). 1. The quantity of heat abstracted or absorbed measures/is measured in Refrigeration Tons. 2. At normal atmospheric pressure, solid carbon dioxide changes/is changed directly from the solid to the vapour phase. 3. Food cannot preserve/be preserved for long in an icebox. 4. The ice compartment of the icebox requires/is required frequent refilling. 5. In our country, iceboxes used/were used until the mid-60's. 6. As ice melts/is melted under atmospheric pressure, it absorbs/is absorbed heat from the air surrounding it, and so, refrigeration produces/is produced. 7. Compression systems employ/are employed four elements in the refrigeration cycle. 8. In absorption systems, refrigeration obtains/is obtained by the use of ammonia, water, and hydrogen. 9. While passing through the expansion valve, the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant must reduce/be reduced. 10. In the condenser, the temperature of the refrigerant drops/is dropped and as a result it becomes a liquid. 11. The expansion valve locates/is located near the evaporator inlet. B. Decide which voice the following sentences are in and form the verbs in parentheses appropriately. 1. The compressor (compress) the refrigerant, and (discharge) it to the condenser. 2. Refrigeration from ice (replace) by mechanical refrigeration, since with it, we can (obtain) fully flexible ranges of temperature. 3. With air-conditioning units, the condenser heat must (dissipate) out of doors. 4. Absorption systems (employ) largely for heat-operated air-conditioning units. 5. With compression systems, very low temperatures can (achieve) . 6. The condenser (reject) heat into a cooling medium. 7. The motor driving the compressor (control) by a thermostatic switch. 8. For centuries, ice (be) the only source of refrigeration. 9. In a mechanical system, the liquid refrigerant (evaporate) to a gas and then it (condense) back to a liquid. 10. The compressor (drive) ___ by a motor.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A: 1. is measured. 2. changes. 3. be preserved. 4. requires. 5. were used. 6. melts ... absorbs ... is produced. 7. employ. 8. is obtained. 9. be reduced. 10. drops. 11. is located. B: 1. compresses ... discharges (ενεργητική, το υποκείμενο «the compressor» ενεργεί). 2. is replaced ... obtain (παθητική/ενεργητική αντίστοιχα). 3. be dissipated (παθητική). 4. are employed (παθητική). 5. be achieved (παθητική). 6. rejects (ενεργητική). 7. is controlled (παθητική). 8. has been (ενεργητική, «ice» ενεργεί ως πηγή). 9. evaporates ... condenses (ενεργητική). 10. is driven (παθητική).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Read the information carefully and, in the spaces provided, write the Greek equivalent to the terms printed in bold-typed letters: element: a substance which cannot be reduced to a simpler one by either physical or chemical means, e.g. oxygen, hydrogen (). atom: the smallest particle of an element which has all the characteristics of the element (). compound: a chemical combination of elements which cannot be separated by physical means, e.g. water (). molecule: the smallest particle of a compound which has all the characteristics of the compound (). halogens: chlorine (Cl), fluorine (Fl) and bromine (Br). Compounds containing them are called halogenated. Of them, chlorine is responsible for destroying atmospheric ozone (). CFC refrigerants: chlorofluorocarbons = compounds of C + Fl + Cl, e.g. R-11, R-12, etc. (). HCFC refrigerants: hydrochlorofluorocarbons = compounds of C + Fl + Cl + H, e.g. R-22, R-123, etc. (). HFC refrigerants: hydrofluorocarbons = compounds of C + Fl + H, e.g. R-32, R-134a, etc. (). ODP = Ozone Depletion Potential: It is a measure of a material's ability to destroy atmospheric ozone (). (H)GWP = (Halocarbon) Global Warming Potential: It is a measure of a material's ability to add to the warming of the earth (greenhouse effect) ().
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) element=στοιχείο· atom=άτομο· compound=χημική ένωση· molecule=μόριο· ozone=όζον· CFC refrigerants=χλωροφθοράνθρακες· HCFC refrigerants=υδροχλωροφθοράνθρακες· HFC refrigerants=υδροφθοράνθρακες· ODP=Δυναμικό Καταστροφής Όζοντος· (H)GWP=Δυναμικό Θέρμανσης του Πλανήτη.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose the correct alternative. 1. The halogens include a. hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. b. bromine, chlorine and fluorine. c. carbon, chlorine and fluorine. 2. CFCs contain a. hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. b. carbon, chlorine and oxygen. c. carbon, fluorine and chlorine. 3. Hydrogen is one of the elements of the a. HCFC and HFC refrigerants. b. CFCs. c. all three types of refrigerants. 4. CFC refrigerants have high ODP values a. because of their carbon content. b. because of their chlorine content. c. because of their fluorine content. 5. Of the three types of refrigerants, those that pose a major threat to the environment are the a. HFCs. b. HCFCs. c. CFCs.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: How much do you know about refrigerants? Answer the questions. 1. Why was the production of CFCs phased out? 2. Which is the most harmful element in the CFC refrigerants? 3. What is the advantage of HCFCs over CFCs? 4. Why are HFCs considered safe for the environment? 5. Why isn't the use of ammonia widespread? If you can't answer them, read the text which follows. It will help you.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Επειδή αποτελούν μείζονα απειλή για το περιβάλλον (καταστρέφουν το όζον, ενισχύουν το φαινόμενο θερμοκηπίου). 2. Το χλώριο. 3. Έχουν χαμηλότερες τιμές ODP/HGWP από τα CFCs. 4. Επειδή δεν περιέχουν καθόλου χλώριο, άρα το ODP τους είναι μηδενικό. 5. Επειδή είναι τοξική και εκρηκτική.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Use the spaces provided to add a suitable heading to each of the thematic areas the text «Refrigerants and the Environment» is split in.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Ενδεικτικές επικεφαλίδες: 1. «CFCs and their threat to the environment». 2. «The development of HCFCs». 3. «The development of HFCs». 4. «Ammonia as a refrigerant».
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Make lists of the most widely used refrigefants. CFCs HCFCs HFCs.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) CFCs: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-114, CFC-115. HCFCs: R-22, R-124, R-502, R-123. HFCs: R-134a, R-404A.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Answer the questions. 1. What is the action of CFCs in the lower and upper atmosphere? 2. When were CFCs phased out? 3. What is the advantage of replacing halogen atoms with atoms of hydrogen? 4. Which factor led to the decision for the HCFCs' phaseout? 5. What is the advantage of HFCs over the other refrigerants? 6. What are the main advantages of ammonia?
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Στην κατώτερη ατμόσφαιρα απορροφούν υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία (φαινόμενο θερμοκηπίου)· στην ανώτερη διασπώνται και απελευθερώνουν χλώριο που καταστρέφει το όζον. 2. Την 1η Ιανουαρίου 1996. 3. Μειώνεται η ατμοσφαιρική διάρκεια ζωής του μορίου CFC και η περιβαλλοντική του επίδραση. 4. Το γεγονός ότι εξακολουθούν να περιέχουν χλώριο. 5. Δεν περιέχουν καθόλου χλώριο, άρα έχουν μηδενικό ODP. 6. Υψηλή ψυκτική ικανότητα, χαμηλές απώλειες πίεσης, δεν βλάπτει το λιπαντικό λάδι, δεν διαβρώνει σίδηρο/χάλυβα, μηδενικά ODP/HGWP.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Correct the wrong information in the statements below. 1. Chlorofluorocarbons contain chlorine and have a short lifetime. 2. If some atoms in a halogenated molecule are replaced by hydrogen, the lifespan of the compound is increased and its environmental impact is lessened. 3. CFCs have lower ODP and HGWP values than HCFCs and HFCs. 4. HCFCs have a long lifetime and high ozone depletion potential values. 5. The reason for the total phaseout of HCFC refrigerants on January 31, 2003 is their fluorine content. 6. R-134a belongs to the HCFCs and is a suitable replacement for R-11 and R-114. 7. Ammonia is corrosive to iron and steel. 8. The major advantages of ammonia are its flammability and toxicity.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Έχουν ΜΕΓΑΛΗ διάρκεια ζωής (π.χ. CFC-11: 55 χρόνια), όχι σύντομη. 2. Η αντικατάσταση ΜΕΙΩΝΕΙ τη διάρκεια ζωής (όχι αυξάνει). 3. Τα CFCs έχουν ΥΨΗΛΟΤΕΡΕΣ τιμές ODP/HGWP από τα HCFCs/HFCs. 4. Τα HCFCs έχουν ΧΑΜΗΛΟΤΕΡΕΣ τιμές ODP από τα CFCs. 5. Θα καταργηθούν το 2030, και ο λόγος είναι το ΧΛΩΡΙΟ, όχι το φθόριο. 6. Το R-134a ανήκει στα HFCs και αντικαθιστά το R-12, όχι R-11/R-114. 7. Η αμμωνία είναι ΜΗ διαβρωτική για σίδηρο/χάλυβα. 8. Τα μειονεκτήματα (όχι πλεονεκτήματα) της αμμωνίας είναι η ευφλεκτότητα και η τοξικότητα.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Look through the text to find the words or phrases clarified below. 1. to cause a danger to the environment of the Earth. 2. property of a chemical substance that tends to remain in the same chemical or atomic state, not to change. 3. a radiation similar to light which we cannot see without special equipment. 4. problem caused by a build-up of gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the air around the Earth. 5. to separate something into the substances which make it up. 6. to set free; to let something go and enter the surrounding atmosphere. 7. to stop using or producing something. 8. a powerful effect that a situation or process has on something. 9. a substance, situation or process that doesn't harm the environment. 10. property of a refrigerant to be efficient/satisfactory as a cooling medium. 11. to influence a thing in such a way that any advantages or disadvantages of it are reduced or cancelled out.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. to pose a threat. 2. stability. 3. infrared radiation. 4. greenhouse effect. 5. to break down. 6. to release. 7. to phase out. 8. impact. 9. environmentally safe/acceptable. 10. refrigeration capacity. 11. to offset.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match words from the two lists in each group, to make pairs of similar in meaning words. GROUP A GROUP B. harm widely application measure; degree. lessen stop depletion possibility. persist essensial lifetime tubing. suitable reduce potential use. vital progressively impact reduction. gradually remain value efficiency. totally damage threat lifespan. extensively completely capacity effect. phaseout appropriate piping danger.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) harm-damage, lessen-reduce, persist-remain, suitable-appropriate, vital-essential, gradually-progressively, totally-completely, extensively-widely, phaseout-stop.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Match words from the two lists in each group, to make pairs of similar in meaning words. GROUP A GROUP B. harm widely application measure; degree. lessen stop depletion possibility. persist essensial lifetime tubing. suitable reduce potential use. vital progressively impact reduction. gradually remain value efficiency. totally damage threat lifespan. extensively completely capacity effect. phaseout appropriate piping danger.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) application-use, depletion-reduction, lifetime-lifespan, potential-possibility, impact-effect, value-measure;degree, threat-danger, capacity-efficiency, piping-tubing.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Are you a good refrigeration technician? Tick the correct alternative. When charging through the low-pressure side: 1. the system is charged through a) the suction valve of the compressor b) the discharge/outlet valve of the compressor. 2. the compressor's discharge valve must be a) open b) closed. 3. the charging cylinder must be a) in the upside-down position b) in the upright position. 4. the refrigerant must be in the form of a a) liquid b) vapour. 5. as long as the system is being charged, the compressor must be a) turned on b) turned off.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-a (suction valve). 2-b (closed). 3-b (upright position). 4-b (vapour). 5-a (turned on).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Identify the tool/equipment by its use. 1. It is used for opening and closing the gauge test set and compressor service valves. 2. It removes air, moisture or the refrigerant from the refrigeration unit. 3. It is used to measure the pressure of the low-pressure side of the refrigeration unit. 4. It detects refrigerant leaks. 5. It contains refrigerant for charging refrigeration units. 6. They are used to weigh the charging cylinder. 7. It is used to measure the pressure of the high-pressure side of the refrigeration unit. 8. They are used to connect the service cylinder to the gauge manifold and the gauge manifold to the refrigeration unit.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. Service valve ratchet (wrench). 2. Vacuum pump. 3. L.P. manometre (gauge manifold). 4. Leak detector. 5. Service/charging cylinder. 6. Scales. 7. H.P. manometre. 8. Hoses (charging lines).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Arrange the steps of the charging procedure under the headings below: a. Preparation for charging. b. Charging. c. Checking - Disconnecting.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. Preparation: βήματα 1-7 (σύνδεση gauge manifold, κενό αέρος, έλεγχος/ζύγισμα φιάλης, σύνδεση φιάλης, άνοιγμα βαλβίδων A/B, καθαρισμός αέρα). b. Charging: βήματα 8-10 (κλείσιμο βαλβίδας B/άνοιγμα C-D, φόρτιση με μοτέρ, λειτουργία 10-15 λεπτών). c. Checking-Disconnecting: βήματα 10(τέλος)-12 (κλείσιμο βαλβίδων συμπιεστή, αποσύνδεση gauge test set, επαναφορά θέσης λειτουργίας, έλεγχος διαρροών).
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: The steps of the charging procedure through the low-pressure side are given below in jumbled order. Use the boxes to write them in their correct order. Don't forget to develop the elliptical speech. 1. Open gauge valves A and B. 2. Purge air from charging lines between service cylinder and compressor service valves C and D. 3. Evacuate refrigeration unit. 4. Let unit run for 10-15 minutes. 5. Open charging cylinder valve. 6. Disconnect vacuum pump from gauge test set. 7. Weigh charging cylinder on scales. 8. Close charging cylinder valve. 9. Turn on electric motor. 10. Close compressor service valves C and D. 11. Connect vacuum pump to E port of gauge manifold. 12. Connect charging cylinder to E port of gauge manifold. 13. Make sure service cylinder contains correct refrigerant. 14. Keep watching weight of cylinder on scales. 15. Make sure compressor service valves are in position for normal operation. 16. Connect gauge manifold to refrigeration unit. 17. Close gauge manifold valve A. 18. Charge refrigeration unit. 19. Close gauge manifold valve B. 20. Disconnect gauge test set from unit. 21. Test for leaks. 22. Open compressor service valves C and D.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Σωστή σειρά: 16, 11, 3, 6, 13, 7, 12, 1, 2, 19, 22, 9, 5, 18, 14, 8, 4, 10, 17, 20, 15, 21.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: SHOWING TIME RELATIONSHIPS. Study the examples: «We evacuate the refrigeration system before connecting the charging cylinder to it. / The evacuating of the refrigeration system is done before the charging cylinder is connected to it.» «We connect the charging cylinder, after evacuating the refrigeration system. / The charging cylinder is connected after the refrigeration system is evacuated.» Make similar sentences to show the time relationship between the steps of the charging procedure.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Π.χ.: We weigh the charging cylinder before connecting it to the gauge manifold. / The charging cylinder is weighed before it is connected to the gauge manifold. We open the compressor service valves after purging the air from the charging lines. / The compressor service valves are opened after the air is purged from the charging lines.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: GIVING INSTRUCTIONS. Examples: «Charge the system with R-134a. / You should charge the system with R-134a. / The system should be charged with R-134a.» Rephrase the following instructions following the examples. 1. Weigh the charging cylinder. 2. Write down the service cylinder weight. 3. Connect the service cylinder to the refrigeration unit. 4. Open the gauge test set valves. 5. Purge the air from the charging lines. 6. Close the gauge test set valve B. 7. Open the compressor service valves. 8. Turn on the electric motor. 9. Charge the unit for several minutes. 10. Disconnect the gauge test set from the system.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. You should weigh the charging cylinder. / The charging cylinder should be weighed. 2. You should write down the service cylinder weight. / The service cylinder weight should be written down. 3. You should connect the service cylinder to the refrigeration unit. / The service cylinder should be connected to the refrigeration unit. 4. You should open the gauge test set valves. / The gauge test set valves should be opened. 5. You should purge the air from the charging lines. / The air should be purged from the charging lines. 6. You should close the gauge test set valve B. / The gauge test set valve B should be closed. 7. You should open the compressor service valves. / The compressor service valves should be opened. 8. You should turn on the electric motor. / The electric motor should be turned on. 9. You should charge the unit for several minutes. / The unit should be charged for several minutes. 10. You should disconnect the gauge test set from the system. / The gauge test set should be disconnected from the system.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: Choose prepositions from the list to fill in the gaps (of, down, by, to, on, through, for, in, from). 1. The refrigerant is drawn the compressor the suction valve. 2. A mechanical refrigeration system consists four components. 3. The evaporator is surrounded air or water. 4. Connect the service cylinder the refrigeration unit. 5. First, you should check refrigerant leaks, then turn the motor and charge the unit several minutes. 6. Are all the service valves position normal operation? 7. Don't forget to write the weight of the charging cylinder. 8. Refrigerants absorb heat the refrigerator unit and reject it the surrounding air. 9. CFCs persist the atmosphere many years and are posing a major threat the environment. 10. The first generation of refrigerants adds seriously the warming of the earth. 11. R-134a is used as a replacement R-12. 12. First, you should purge the system ___ refrigerant.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. into ... through. 2. of. 3. by. 4. to. 5. for ... on ... for. 6. in ... for. 7. down. 8. from ... into. 9. in ... for ... to. 10. to. 11. for. 12. of.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:
Ερώτηση: B. Complete the missing information in the box. IMPORTANT — WHEN CHARGING THROUGH THE LOW-PRESSURE SIDE, MAKE SURE THAT: • THE SERVICE CYLINDER • CONTAINS . • IS POSITION. • THE SYSTEM IS CHARGED THROUGH THE VALVE. • THE COMPRESSOR IS WHILE CHARGING.
Απάντηση:
Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) CONTAINS the correct/appropriate refrigerant. IS IN THE UPRIGHT position. THE SYSTEM IS CHARGED THROUGH THE SUCTION VALVE. THE COMPRESSOR IS TURNED ON WHILE CHARGING.
Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης: