Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 4: Working with Metal – VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 4: Working with Metal

Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 12 κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 86-102): μετάφραση/ταξινόμηση εργαλείων, αντιστοιχίσεις χρήσης, gerund, ταξινόμηση και αιτιολόγηση οδηγιών ασφαλείας/συντήρησης/ορθής χρήσης, αναφορά σε πλάγιο λόγο.

Ελληνικοί όροι καταλόγου εργαλείων

Ερώτηση: Go through the catalogue of the tools manufacturing company and in the spaces provided, write the Greek equivalent term for the various items in it.

Απάντηση:

• Ενδεικτικός κατάλογος αγγλικών όρων (σελ. 82-86) με ελληνική απόδοση:
• Χειροεργαλεία: flat-tip screwdriver = κατσαβίδι ίσιας μύτης· cross-point/Phillips screwdriver = σταυροκατσάβιδο· open-ended wrench = γερμανικό κλειδί· ring wrench = δαχτυλίδι κλειδί· combination wrench = μικτό κλειδί· adjustable wrench = γαλλικό κλειδί· pipe/monkey wrench = σουηδικό κλειδί· combination/universal pliers = πένσα (γενικής χρήσης)· flat-nose pliers = πένσα επίπεδων σιαγόνων· round-nose pliers = στρογγυλόμυτη πένσα· lock-grip pliers = παπαγαλάκι/σφιγκτήρας μανδάλωσης· tin snips/shears = ψαλίδι λαμαρίνας· hacksaw/metal saw = σιδηροπρίονο· (cold) chisel = καλέμι· tap = κολαούζο· die = φιλιέρα (σπειροτόμος)· file = λίμα· scriber = χαράκτης· divider = διαβήτης χάραξης· punch = πόντα (διάτρητρο)· ball peen hammer = σφυρί με στρογγυλή κεφαλή· mallet = ξύλινο/πλαστικό σφυρί.
• Όργανα μέτρησης: internal/external caliper = παχύμετρο εσωτερικό/εξωτερικό· vernier caliper = υποδεκάμετρο (παχύμετρο βερνιέρου)· micrometer = μικρόμετρο· steel rule = μεταλλικός χάρακας· screw-pitch gauge = όργανο μέτρησης βήματος σπειρώματος· folding rule = διπλούμενος χάρακας· flexible tape = μετροταινία· spirit level = αλφάδι.
• Λοιπός εξοπλισμός: forging tongs = τσιμπίδα σφυρηλάτησης· anvil = αμόνι· surface plate = πλάκα ελέγχου επιπεδότητας· vee block = πρίσμα (βάση V)· try square = γωνιά ελέγχου· clamp = σφιγκτήρας· vice = μέγγενη· bending machine = μηχανή κάμψης· forming machine/rolls = μηχανή διαμόρφωσης (ράουλα)· bar folder = μηχανή δίπλωσης λαμαρίνας· squaring shears = ψαλίδι κοπής λαμαρίνας (γκιλοτίνα)· grinder = τροχός λείανσης· impact wrench = αερόκλειδο (κρουστικό).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε αγγλικός τεχνικός όρος του καταλόγου (σελ. 82-86) αντιστοιχίζεται στο ελληνικό του ισοδύναμο, όπως παραπάνω — πλήρης απόδοση χειροεργαλείων, οργάνων μέτρησης και λοιπού εξοπλισμού.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Πρόσεξε τα «ψευδόφιλα»: το «pipe wrench» δεν είναι «κλειδί σωλήνα» με την έννοια εργαλείου υδραυλικού μόνο — λέγεται και «monkey wrench» (σουηδικό/γαλλικό κλειδί) στην πράξη.

Εργαλεία για κάθε δραστηριότητα

Ερώτηση: Name the tools, instruments or machines used to carry out each of the activities illustrated on ps. 80-83. Examples • Tightening or loosening screws with flat-tip, cross-point, offset or retaining screwdrivers. • Forming rolls using a/on a forming machine.

Απάντηση:

• Αντιστοίχιση δραστηριότητας (σελ. 78-81) → εργαλείου:
• 1. Screwing/unscrewing, tightening or loosening screws, bolts, nuts → screwdrivers, wrenches, sockets, ratchets.
• 2. Gripping metal pieces, pipes and other small objects → pliers (combination, lock-grip), vice.
• 3. Scribing lines or circles on metal surfaces → scriber, dividers, surface gauge.
• 4. Marking or starting a hole → punch, hammer.
• 5. Draw filing / 6. Filing → file.
• 7. Scraping metal surfaces → scraper.
• 8. Bending metal sheets → bending machine, mallet.
• 9. Forming sheets of metal/making rolls → forming machine/rolls.
• 10. Forging → forging tongs, anvil, hammer.
• 11. Making bends on metal rods, bars, tubes or wires → tube and spring bender, mallet.
• 12. Making seams / 13. Hemming → mallet, bar folder.
• 14. Cutting pieces of metal → hacksaw.
• 15. Cutting holes in metal pieces (drilling) → hand/electric drill, drill press.
• 16. Shearing thin sheets of metal → tin snips, squaring shears.
• 17. Cutting tubes → pipe/tube cutter.
• 18. Holding workpieces → vice, clamps, vee blocks.
• 19. Cutting internal threads → tap.
• 20. Making external threads → die.
• 21. Measuring threads → screw-pitch gauge.
• 22. Taking measurements → calipers, steel rule, micrometer.
• 23. Checking right angles → try square.
• 24. Grinding blunt (dull-edged) tools → grinder.
• 25. Removing burrs from tubes → reamer, file.
• 26. Flaring tubes → flaring tool.
• 27. Swaging tubes → swaging tool.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε μία από τις 27 δραστηριότητες αντιστοιχίζεται στο κατάλληλο εργαλείο/όργανο/μηχάνημα από τον κατάλογο, όπως παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ταξινόμηση εργαλείων ανά χρήση

Ερώτηση: Classify the tools and other equipment in the following categories, according to their use. Threading — Scribing/Marking — Drilling — Expanding tube ends — Holding/Gripping — Tightening/Loosening — Cutting — Measuring — Bending/Forming.

Απάντηση:

• Threading (σπειροτόμηση): taps, dies, screw-pitch gauges.
• Scribing/Marking (χάραξη): scribers, dividers, surface gauges, punches.
• Drilling (διάτρηση): hand drill, electric drills, drill presses.
• Expanding tube ends (διεύρυνση άκρων σωλήνα): flaring tools, swaging tools.
• Holding/Gripping (συγκράτηση): vices, clamps, vee blocks, combination/lock-grip pliers, forging tongs.
• Tightening/Loosening (σφίξιμο/χαλάρωμα): screwdrivers, wrenches, sockets, ratchets.
• Cutting (κοπή): hacksaws, tin snips, squaring shears, pipe/tube cutters, files, chisels.
• Measuring (μέτρηση): calipers, micrometers, steel rules, screw-pitch gauges, folding rules, flexible tapes, spirit levels.
• Bending/Forming (κάμψη/διαμόρφωση): bending machines, forming machines/rolls, bar folders, tube and spring benders, mallets.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Τα εργαλεία του καταλόγου (σελ. 82-86) κατατάσσονται στις εννέα κατηγορίες χρήσης όπως παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Χρήση εργαλείων — πίνακας τσεκαρίσματος

Ερώτηση: 5. A. Place a tick in the appropriate column(s) to show the use of the following tools. USE cutting measuring gripping screwing drilling hammering holding tightening scribing threading filing striking TOOLS loosening scribers forging tongs socket spanners vices dies universal pliers steel rules wrenches dividers files mallets chisels calipers

Απάντηση:

• scribers → scribing
• forging tongs → gripping/holding
• socket spanners → screwing/tightening/loosening
• vices → gripping/holding
• dies → threading
• universal pliers → gripping/holding, cutting
• steel rules → measuring
• wrenches → screwing/tightening/loosening
• dividers → scribing
• files → filing
• mallets → hammering/striking, bending/folding
• chisels → cutting, hammering/striking
• calipers → measuring
• monkey wrenches → screwing/tightening/loosening
• screwdrivers → screwing/tightening/loosening
• tube cutters → cutting
• lock-grip pliers → gripping/holding
• tube benders → bending/folding
• shears → cutting
• clamps → gripping/holding
• taps → threading
• adjustable pliers → gripping/holding
• hacksaws → cutting
• screw pitch gauges → measuring
• adjustable wrenches → screwing/tightening/loosening
• drills → drilling
• bending machines → bending/folding

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε εργαλείο αντιστοιχίζεται στη σωστή στήλη/στήλες χρήσης του πίνακα, όπως παραπάνω (π.χ. τα mallets χρησιμοποιούνται τόσο για κτύπημα όσο και για κάμψη λαμαρίνας).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Προτάσεις από τον πίνακα χρήσης

Ερώτηση: B. Use the grid to make sentences as in the examples. • We can cut rods of metal (by) using (a) hacksaw(s). • To cut rods of metal we (can) use (a) hacksaw(s). • (A/The) hacksaw(s) is/are used to cut / for cutting rods of metal.

Απάντηση:

• Ενδεικτικές προτάσεις με βάση τον πίνακα της άσκησης 5.Α:
• • We can measure metal pieces (by) using (a) caliper(s). / To measure metal pieces we (can) use (a) caliper(s). / (A/The) caliper(s) is/are used to measure / for measuring metal pieces.
• • We can tighten or loosen bolts (by) using (a) wrench(es). / (A/The) wrench(es) is/are used to tighten or loosen / for tightening or loosening bolts.
• • We can cut threads on the inside of a nut (by) using (a) tap. / (A/The) tap is used to cut internal threads / for cutting internal threads.
• • We can bend a metal rod (by) using (a) tube bender. / (A/The) tube bender is used to bend / for bending metal rods.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Με το ίδιο μοτίβο («by using», «to + απαρέμφατο», «is/are used to/for + gerund») κατασκευάζονται προτάσεις για κάθε εργαλείο του πίνακα της άσκησης 5.Α.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Προτάσεις με σκοπό (πίνακες Α, Β)

Ερώτηση: 6. Use the tables to make meaningful sentences. A. Bench and sheet metal workers use a(n): a. cut threads on the external surface of metal rods, bolts or pipes. 1. forming machine b. making bends on rods and bars, and also for 2. drill bending, hemming or seaming sheet metal. 3. punch c. curving sheet metal and forming cylinders of to 4. dies various diameters. for 5. surface gauge d. start holes on metal to make drilling easier. 6. mallet e. making bends on rods, bars and tubes. 7. bending machine f. scribing lines parallel to a surface or vertical to another line. g. cut holes in solid metal. B. Technicians in the mechanical engineering field use a (n): a. take internal or external measurements. 1. reamer b. gripping objects or holding pieces of metal steady. 2. tap c. bending tubes. 3. vice d. cut threads on the internal surface of nuts or 4. vee blocks to pipes. 5. calipers for e. cutting thin metal sheets. 6. tin snips f. set objects on them for marking. 7. lock-grip pliers g. remove burrs from the internal and external 8. tube bender surface of metal pipes. h. hold pieces of metal tightly while working on them.

Απάντηση:

• Α. 1-c (forming machine: curving sheet metal / forming cylinders), 2-d (drill: start holes), 3-g (punch: cut holes in solid metal — αρχικό άνοιγμα), 4-a (dies: cut external threads), 5-f (surface gauge: scribing lines for marking), 6-b/6-e (mallet: making bends/hemming), 7-e (bending machine: making bends on rods, bars, tubes).
• Β. 1-g (reamer: remove burrs), 2-d (tap: cut internal threads), 3-h (vice: hold pieces tightly), 4-f (vee blocks: set objects for marking), 5-a (calipers: take measurements), 6-e (tin snips: cut thin sheets), 7-b (lock-grip pliers: gripping objects), 8-c (tube bender: bending tubes).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Ολοκληρωμένες προτάσεις: π.χ. «Bench and sheet metal workers use a punch to/for cutting holes in solid metal» και «Technicians use a reamer to/for removing burrs from tubes».

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Αντιστοίχιση στηλών (τεχνικοί θέρμανσης/ψύξης, λοιπές ειδικότητες)

Ερώτηση: 7. Match the two columns. A. For Heating-Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technicians and Plumbers: 1. We use chisels to, 2. Flaring tools are used to, 3. With flat-tip screwdrivers, 4. Use a screw-pitch gauge to, 5. Files are useful for, 6. Swaging tools are used to, 7. Tee handles give, 8. Metal workers use the squaring shears to, 9. We often use grinding machines for, 10. A bar folder is used for, 11. Use a pipe adjustable wrench for, 12. Refrigeration systems technicians use a refrigeration service valves ratchet for — matched with a-l reasons.

Απάντηση:

• 1-d (chisels: cut sheets of metal, shear off rivets, split rusted nuts in hard-to-get-to places), 2-g (flaring tools: spread the lips of a tube outwards for a joint), 3-k (flat-tip screwdrivers: screw slot-head screws), 4-a (screw-pitch gauge: find threads per inch), 5-i (files: cutting, smoothing, removing small amounts of metal), 6-l (swaging tools: expand end of a tube to insert another of the same diameter), 7-h (tee handles: better grip, save effort, extra power), 8-f (squaring shears: cut large sheets of metal), 9-j (grinding machines: grinding dull-edged tools, e.g. chisels — also polishing/buffing), 10-e (bar folder: bending metal sheets, making hems, turning an edge for a wire), 11-c (pipe adjustable wrench: holding pipes, fastening/loosening fittings), 12-b (refrigeration service valves ratchet: opening/closing service valves of compressors).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Πλήρης αντιστοίχιση 1-12 → a-l, όπως παραπάνω, με βάση τη λειτουργία κάθε εργαλείου.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ρήματα σε -ing (gerund) — συμπλήρωση κενών

Ερώτηση: GERUND. When a verb comes immediately after a preposition, it has to be in the gerund (verb + -ing) form. Choose the appropriate verbs from the list below, put them in the right form and fill in the gaps in the sentences: break, replace, take, hear, operate, multiply, service, cut, join, make, get up, use. 1. I am looking forward to ... from you soon. 2. He is thinking of ... his old electric drill with an impact wrench. 3. It's the first time he uses the squaring shears and is afraid of ... a mistake. 4. The circumference of a circle is found by ... the diameter by 3.1416. 5. The calipers are used for ... measurements. 6. Before ... a circle on a metal sheet, you must scribe it with the dividers. 7. He managed to make that difficult bend on the metal rod without ... it. 8. He went on ... the hammer although its handle was cracked. 9. Some techniques of ... metals with a heat source are quite difficult... 10. He is very experienced in ... machine tools. 11. As he has been used to ... late, he finds it difficult to wake up at six... 12. We attended a seminar on ... the new models of air-conditioning units.

Απάντηση:

• 1. hearing — 2. replacing — 3. making — 4. multiplying — 5. taking — 6. cutting — 7. breaking — 8. using — 9. joining — 10. operating — 11. getting up — 12. servicing.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Οι κενές θέσεις συμπληρώνονται με τη μορφή gerund (-ing) του κατάλληλου ρήματος από τη λίστα, όπως στη σειρά παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ταξινόμηση οδηγιών ασφαλείας/συντήρησης/ορθής χρήσης

Ερώτηση: USING HAND TOOLS CORRECTLY. The safety of the user and the quality of his job greatly depend on the correct use and maintenance of the tools he uses. The instructions below may prove useful. TASK 1. Read the instructions, and, in the spaces provided, write if they refer to: a) the safety of the user (S), b) the maintenance (M), or c) the correct use (C.U.) of the tool. Bear in mind that some instructions may belong to more than one of the above categories.

Απάντηση:

• A. Pliers: 1. Select correct size/type for the job → C.U. 2. Be careful when holding a heated component, nose must not get hot → S. 3. Avoid finger traps on sudden release → S.
• B. Files: 1. Select correct file for size/kind/material → C.U. 2. Don't use without a handle → S. 3. Don't use as a lever → S/M. 4. Never hammer on a file → M.
• C. Hammers: 1. Select right type/weight/size → C.U. 2. Ensure handle not cracked, head securely attached → S. 3. Don't use shaft as a lever → S/M. 4. Never hammer on another hammer/tool not designed for it → M. 5. Discard if excessively worn/domed head → S.
• D. Screwdrivers: 1. Select correct size/blade → C.U. 2. Keep handle free from oil/grease → S/C.U. 3. Don't use as levers/chisels, don't strike with hammer → S/M. 4. Keep blades sharp → M.
• E. Wrenches/sockets/ratchets: 1. Ensure wrench dead square on the head → C.U. 2. Don't overload sockets → M. 3. Never fit «hand use» sockets to a machine impact tool → S/M. 4. Keep ratchet's turning parts lubricated → M. 5. Avoid extending a wrench/ratchet → S. 6. Never hammer on a wrench/ratchet → M.
• F. Cutters/snips: 1. Keep cutting edges sharp → M/C.U. 2. Keep the pivot oiled → M. 3. Cutting edges at right angles to items cut → C.U. 4. Don't use snips to cut wires/bolts/rivets/nails → M/S. 5. Keep blades closed when not used → S.
• G. Chisels/punches: 1. Keep point/edge sharp → M/C.U. 2. Avoid overheating when grinding → M. 3. Always grind mushroom heads/burrs off → S. 4. Don't use as levers → S/M.
• H. Saws: 1. Select correct blade → C.U. 2. Regular checks of blade sharpness/teeth → M. 3. Don't use blades outside their frames → S. 4. Fasten securely → S. 5. Keep free of rust → M. 6. Return to special boxes after use → M.
• I. Drills: 1. Select correct size for the job → C.U. 2. Ensure lips sharp/properly ground → M/C.U. 3. Don't use as levers or to stir paint → S/M.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε οδηγία ταξινομείται σε S (ασφάλεια), M (συντήρηση) ή C.U. (ορθή χρήση) — αρκετές ανήκουν σε περισσότερες από μία κατηγορίες, όπως σημειώνεται παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Το ίδιο το TASK 1 προειδοποιεί ρητά: «Bear in mind that some instructions may belong to more than one of the above categories» — μην επιλέξεις μόνο μία κατηγορία όταν ταιριάζουν δύο.

Οδηγίες κοινές σε περισσότερα από ένα εργαλεία

Ερώτηση: TASK 2. Read the instructions again and say which of them apply to the use of more than one tools.

Απάντηση:

• Οδηγίες που επαναλαμβάνονται σε πολλές κατηγορίες εργαλείων (TASK 1, σελ. 98-101):
• • «Select the correct size/type for the job» → pliers, files, hammers, screwdrivers, saws, drills.
• • «Don't use it as a lever» → files, screwdrivers, chisels/punches, drills.
• • «Never hammer on it / on a tool not designed for hammering» → files, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches.
• • «Keep it sharp» (blade/edge/point) → screwdrivers (blades), cutters/snips, chisels/punches, saws, drills.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Οι παραπάνω γενικές οδηγίες («σωστό μέγεθος για τη δουλειά», «μην το χρησιμοποιείς ως μοχλό», «μην χτυπάς με σφυρί», «διατήρησέ το κοφτερό») εμφανίζονται σε περισσότερες από μία κατηγορίες εργαλείων.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Αιτιολόγηση οδηγιών (cause/purpose)

Ερώτηση: TASK 3. EXPRESSING CAUSE/PURPOSE. Why are the instructions (for the correct use of tools) given? Choose reasons from the table to justify each instruction: a) it/they may slip, b) the tool(s) may break, c) it/they will become soft and useless, d) this will send chips of metal flying, e) prevent an injury/accident, f) secure firm grip of the tool(s), g) ensure its/their long life, h) to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results from your job. Examples: A1: Select the correct size and type of pliers for the job, so as to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results from your job. A2: Be careful when holding a component with a pair of pliers because, if they get hot, they'll become soft and useless.

Απάντηση:

• B2 (Don't use a file without a handle) → e (prevent an injury/accident): «...so as (not) to prevent an injury.»
• C4 (Never hammer on another hammer or tools not designed to be hammered) → b (the tool(s) may break): «...because the tool(s) may break.»
• D3 (Don't use screwdrivers as levers or chisels) → b/e (may break the tool or cause an injury): «...since the tool may break and cause an injury.»
• E1 (Ensure a wrench is dead square on the fastened head) → a/f (it may slip / secure firm grip): «...so as not to slip.»
• F1 (Keep their cutting edges sharp) → h (achieve optimum performance): «...in order to achieve optimum performance and satisfactory results.»
• G3 (Always grind mushroom heads and burrs off chisels and punches) → d/e (send chips flying / prevent injury): «...as this will send chips of metal flying and may cause an injury.»
• H5 (Keep saw blades free of rust) → g (ensure its long life): «...so as to ensure its long life.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε οδηγία αιτιολογείται με μία (ή περισσότερες) από τις προτεινόμενες φράσεις a-h, ακολουθώντας το μοτίβο των παραδειγμάτων A1/A2 του βιβλίου.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Αναφορά οδηγιών σε πλάγιο λόγο (reported speech)

Ερώτηση: TASK 4. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS. When your teacher gave the instructions concerning the correct use of hand tools, one of your classmates was absent. Your teacher asked you to inform him. Choose three tools and inform your classmate about the teacher's instructions. Examples: He told us to select the correct size and type of pliers for each job. He reminded/warned us not to overheat chisels when grinding them. He said that we shouldn't/should never use a file without a handle.

Απάντηση:

• Ενδεικτική μεταφορά τριών οδηγιών σε πλάγιο λόγο:
• Pliers: He told us to be careful when holding a component with a pair of pliers while heating it, because its nose mustn't get hot.
• Hammers: He reminded/warned us to discard a hammer if it is excessively worn or has a domed head.
• Screwdrivers: He said that we should never strike screwdrivers with a hammer or use them as levers or chisels.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Με τα ρήματα αναφοράς (told/advised/warned/reminded/said/insisted) και το κατάλληλο απαρέμφατο ή ειδική πρόταση (that-clause), οι άμεσες οδηγίες μεταφέρονται σε πλάγιο λόγο, όπως στα παραπάνω ενδεικτικά παραδείγματα (η επιλογή τριών συγκεκριμένων εργαλείων είναι στην κρίση του μαθητή).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης: