Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 4: Working with Metal (σελ. 86-102) – VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ

VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ – ΛΥΣΕΙΣ – ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΕΙΣ Ασκήσεων Σχολικού Βιβλίου Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 4: Working with Metal (σελ. 86-102) – VOCATIONAL LANGUAGE LEARNING COURSEBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 4: Working with Metal

Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 12 κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 86-102): μετάφραση/ταξινόμηση εργαλείων, αντιστοιχίσεις χρήσης, gerund, ταξινόμηση και αιτιολόγηση οδηγιών ασφαλείας/συντήρησης/ορθής χρήσης, αναφορά σε πλάγιο λόγο.

Ελληνικοί όροι καταλόγου εργαλείων (σελ. 86)

Ερώτηση: Go through the catalogue of the tools manufacturing company and in the spaces provided, write the Greek equivalent term for the various items in it.

Απάντηση:

Ο κατάλογος (σελ. 82-86) χωρίζεται σε Hand Tools, Measuring Tools και Other Equipment· κάθε όρος αποδίδεται με τον ελληνικό όρο του συνεργείου:
Hand tools: flat-tip screwdrivers = κατσαβίδια ίσιας μύτης (πλακέ)· cross-point/Phillips screwdrivers = σταυροκατσάβιδα· offset screwdrivers = γωνιακά κατσαβίδια· automatic/retaining screwdrivers = αυτόματα κατσαβίδια / κατσαβίδια συγκράτησης βίδας· Allen-hex sockets = καρυδάκια άλεν· socket spanners/spinners = λαβές καρυδιών (καρυδόκλειδα)· sockets = καρυδάκια· ratchets = καστάνιες· swivel handles = αρθρωτές λαβές· extensions = προεκτάσεις· tee handles = λαβές σχήματος Τ· open-ended wrenches = γερμανικά κλειδιά· ring wrenches = πολύγωνα κλειδιά· combination wrenches = γερμανοπολύγωνα κλειδιά· adjustable wrenches = γαλλικά κλειδιά· pipe adjustable/monkey wrenches = σουηδικά κλειδιά (σωληνοκάβουρες)· combination/universal pliers = πένσες γενικής χρήσης· flat-nose pliers = πλατυτσίμπιδα· round-nose pliers = στρογγυλοτσίμπιδα· adjustable pliers = ρυθμιζόμενες πένσες (γκαζοτανάλιες)· lock-grip pliers = πένσες ασφάλισης (γκριπ)· side cutters = πλαγιοκόφτες· end cutters = μετωπικοί κόφτες (τανάλιες)· tin snips/shears = ψαλίδια λαμαρίνας· hacksaws/metal saws = σιδηροπρίονα· (cold) chisels = καλέμια (κοπίδια)· pipe/tube cutters = σωληνοκόφτες· taps = σπειροτόμοι εσωτερικών σπειρωμάτων (κολαούζα)· dies = σπειροτόμοι εξωτερικών σπειρωμάτων (φιλιέρες)· scrapers = ξύστρες· files = λίμες· scribers = χαράκτες· dividers = διαβήτες χάραξης· punches = ζουμπάδες (πόντες)· ball peen hammers = σφυριά μηχανουργού (με σφαιρική κεφαλή)· mallets = ματσόλες· surface gauges = χαρακτικά επιπέδου (παραλληλοχαράκτες)· hand drill = χειροδράπανο· hand groovers = εργαλεία διαμόρφωσης ραφής λαμαρίνας· (refrigeration) service valves ratchets = καστάνιες βαλβίδων εξυπηρέτησης (ψυκτικών)· tube and spring benders = κουρμπαδόροι σωλήνων και ελατήρια κάμψης· reamers = γλύφανα / αφαιρετές γρεζιών· flaring tools = εργαλεία εκχείλωσης σωλήνων (φρεζάκια)· swaging tools = εργαλεία διεύρυνσης άκρων σωλήνων (εκτονωτές).
Measuring tools: internal/inside calipers = διαβήτες εσωτερικών μετρήσεων· external/outside calipers = διαβήτες εξωτερικών μετρήσεων· vernier calipers = παχύμετρα (με βερνιέρο)· micrometers = μικρόμετρα· steel rules = χαλύβδινοι κανόνες (ρίγες)· screw-pitch gauges = σπειρόμετρα (μετρητές βήματος σπειρώματος).
Other equipment: forging tongs = τσιμπίδες σφυρηλάτησης· anvils = αμόνια· surface plates = πλάκες ελέγχου επιπεδότητας· vee blocks = πρίσματα V· try squares = γωνίες ελέγχου (γωνιές)· clamps = σφιγκτήρες· vices = μέγγενες· bending machines = μηχανές κάμψης (στράντζες)· forming machines/rolls = κυλινδρικά (μηχανές κύρτωσης λαμαρίνας)· bar folders = μηχανές αναδίπλωσης ακμών λαμαρίνας· squaring shears = ψαλίδες γκιλοτίνες· grinders-polishers-buffers = τροχοί λείανσης-στίλβωσης· impact wrenches = κρουστικά κλειδιά (μπουλονόκλειδα)· electric drills = ηλεκτρικά δράπανα· drill presses = δράπανα κολόνας· steel brushes = συρματόβουρτσες· spirit levels = αλφάδια· oilers = λαδωτήρια (λαδικά)· folding rules = πτυσσόμενα μέτρα· flexible tapes = μετροταινίες.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε όρος του καταλόγου (σελ. 82-86) αποδίδεται με τον ελληνικό του όρο, όπως παραπάνω (π.χ. vernier calipers = παχύμετρα, micrometers = μικρόμετρα, taps = κολαούζα, dies = φιλιέρες, adjustable wrenches = γαλλικά κλειδιά).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ενδεικτικές αποδόσεις· στην πράξη χρησιμοποιούνται και άλλοι αποδεκτοί όροι του συνεργείου.
Προσοχή: οι calipers (inside/outside) είναι διαβήτες μέτρησης, ενώ οι vernier calipers είναι τα παχύμετρα.

Εργαλεία για κάθε δραστηριότητα (σελ. 86)

Ερώτηση: Name the tools, instruments or machines used to carry out each of the activities illustrated on ps. 80-83. Examples • Tightening or loosening screws with flat-tip, cross-point, offset or retaining screwdrivers. • Forming rolls using a/on a forming machine.

Απάντηση:

Αντιστοίχιση δραστηριότητας (σελ. 78-81 — η εκφώνηση του βιβλίου γράφει «ps. 80-83») → εργαλείου από τον κατάλογο:
1. Screwing/unscrewing, tightening or loosening screws, bolts, nuts → screwdrivers, wrenches, sockets, ratchets.
1. Gripping metal pieces, pipes and other small objects → pliers (combination, lock-grip), vice.
1. Scribing lines or circles on metal surfaces → scriber, dividers, surface gauge.
1. Marking or starting a hole → punch, ball peen hammer.
1. Draw filing / 6. Filing → file.
1. Scraping metal surfaces → scraper.
1. Bending metal sheets → bending machine, bar folder, mallet.
1. Forming sheets of metal/making rolls → forming machine/rolls.
1. Forging → forging tongs, anvil, hammer.
1. Making bends on metal rods, bars, tubes or wires → bending machine, tube and spring benders.
1. Making seams / 13. Hemming → hand groover, bar folder, mallet.
1. Cutting pieces of metal → hacksaw, (cold) chisel.
1. Cutting holes in metal pieces (drilling) → hand/electric drill, drill press.
1. Shearing thin sheets of metal → tin snips, squaring shears.
1. Cutting tubes → pipe/tube cutter.
1. Holding workpieces → vice, clamps, vee blocks.
1. Cutting internal threads → tap.
1. Making external threads → die.
1. Measuring threads → screw-pitch gauge.
1. Taking measurements → calipers, vernier calipers, micrometer, steel rule, folding rule, flexible tape.
1. Checking right angles → try square.
1. Grinding blunt (dull-edged) tools → grinder.
1. Removing burrs from tubes → reamer, file.
1. Flaring tubes → flaring tool.
1. Swaging tubes → swaging tool.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε μία από τις 27 δραστηριότητες αντιστοιχίζεται στο κατάλληλο εργαλείο/όργανο/μηχάνημα από τον κατάλογο, όπως παραπάνω.

Ταξινόμηση εργαλείων ανά χρήση (σελ. 86)

Ερώτηση: Classify the tools and other equipment in the following categories, according to their use. Threading — Scribing/Marking — Drilling — Expanding tube ends — Holding/Gripping — Tightening/Loosening — Cutting — Measuring — Bending/Forming.

Απάντηση:

Threading (σπειροτόμηση): taps, dies, screw-pitch gauges.
Scribing/Marking (χάραξη/σημάδεμα): scribers, dividers, surface gauges, punches.
Drilling (διάτρηση): hand drill, electric drills, drill presses (reamers για το φινίρισμα οπών).
Expanding tube ends (διεύρυνση άκρων σωλήνα): flaring tools, swaging tools.
Holding/Gripping (συγκράτηση): vices, clamps, vee blocks, combination/flat-nose/round-nose/adjustable/lock-grip pliers, forging tongs.
Tightening/Loosening (σφίξιμο/χαλάρωμα): screwdrivers, wrenches, sockets, Allen-hex sockets, socket spanners, ratchets, tee handles, impact wrenches, refrigeration service valves ratchets.
Cutting (κοπή): hacksaws, tin snips, squaring shears, pipe/tube cutters, side and end cutters, (cold) chisels, files.
Measuring (μέτρηση): calipers, micrometers, steel rules, screw-pitch gauges, folding rules, flexible tapes, spirit levels.
Bending/Forming (κάμψη/διαμόρφωση): bending machines, forming machines/rolls, bar folders, tube and spring benders, hand groovers, mallets.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Τα εργαλεία του καταλόγου (σελ. 82-86) κατατάσσονται στις εννέα κατηγορίες χρήσης όπως παραπάνω.

Χρήση εργαλείων — πίνακας τσεκαρίσματος (σελ. 91)

Ερώτηση: 5. A. Place a tick in the appropriate column(s) to show the use of the following tools. USE: cutting / measuring / gripping, holding / screwing, tightening, loosening / drilling / scribing / threading / filing / hammering, striking. TOOLS: scribers (✓ scribing), forging tongs, socket spanners, vices, dies, universal pliers, steel rules, wrenches, dividers, files, mallets, chisels, calipers. (Continued on p. 92 — USE: cutting / measuring / gripping, holding / screwing, tightening, loosening / drilling / scribing / threading / bending, folding / hammering, striking. TOOLS: monkey wrenches, screwdrivers, tube cutters, lock-grip pliers, tube benders, shears, clamps, taps, adjustable pliers, hacksaws, screw pitch gauges, adjustable wrenches, drills, bending machines.)

Απάντηση:

scribers → scribing
forging tongs → gripping/holding
socket spanners → screwing/tightening/loosening
vices → gripping/holding
dies → threading
universal pliers → gripping/holding, cutting
steel rules → measuring
wrenches → screwing/tightening/loosening
dividers → scribing
files → filing
mallets → hammering/striking
chisels → cutting
calipers → measuring
monkey wrenches → gripping/holding, screwing/tightening/loosening
screwdrivers → screwing/tightening/loosening
tube cutters → cutting
lock-grip pliers → gripping/holding
tube benders → bending/folding
shears → cutting
clamps → gripping/holding
taps → threading
adjustable pliers → gripping/holding
hacksaws → cutting
screw pitch gauges → measuring
adjustable wrenches → screwing/tightening/loosening
drills → drilling
bending machines → bending/folding

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε εργαλείο αντιστοιχίζεται στη στήλη/στήλες χρήσης του πίνακα, όπως παραπάνω (π.χ. οι universal pliers χρησιμοποιούνται για συγκράτηση και για κοπή, τα monkey wrenches για συγκράτηση σωλήνων και για σφίξιμο/χαλάρωμα).

Προτάσεις από τον πίνακα χρήσης (σελ. 93)

Ερώτηση: B. Use the grid to make sentences as in the examples. • We can cut rods of metal (by) using (a) hacksaw(s). • To cut rods of metal we (can) use (a) hacksaw(s). • (A/The) hacksaw(s) is/are used to cut / for cutting rods of metal.

Απάντηση:

Ενδεικτικές προτάσεις με βάση τον πίνακα της άσκησης 5.Α:
• We can measure metal pieces (by) using (a) caliper(s). / To measure metal pieces we (can) use (a) caliper(s). / (A/The) caliper(s) is/are used to measure / for measuring metal pieces.
• We can tighten or loosen bolts (by) using (a) wrench(es). / (A/The) wrench(es) is/are used to tighten or loosen / for tightening or loosening bolts.
• We can cut threads on the inside of a nut (by) using (a) tap. / (A/The) tap is used to cut internal threads / for cutting internal threads.
• We can bend tubes (by) using (a) tube bender. / (A/The) tube bender is used to bend / for bending tubes.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Με το ίδιο μοτίβο («by using», «to + απαρέμφατο», «is/are used to/for + gerund») κατασκευάζονται προτάσεις για κάθε εργαλείο του πίνακα της άσκησης 5.Α.

Προτάσεις με σκοπό (πίνακες Α, Β) (σελ. 93)

Ερώτηση: 6. Use the tables to make meaningful sentences. A. Bench and sheet metal workers use a(n): 1. forming machine 2. drill 3. punch 4. dies 5. surface gauge 6. mallet 7. bending machine — to / for — a. cut threads on the external surface of metal rods, bolts or pipes. b. making bends on rods and bars, and also for bending, hemming or seaming sheet metal. c. curving sheet metal and forming cylinders of various diameters. d. start holes on metal to make drilling easier. e. making bends on rods, bars and tubes. f. scribing lines parallel to a surface or vertical to another line. g. cut holes in solid metal. B. Technicians in the mechanical engineering field use a(n): 1. reamer 2. tap 3. vice 4. vee blocks 5. calipers 6. tin snips 7. lock-grip pliers 8. tube bender — to / for — a. take internal or external measurements. b. gripping objects or holding pieces of metal steady. c. bending tubes. d. cut threads on the internal surface of nuts or pipes. e. cutting thin metal sheets. f. set objects on them for marking. g. remove burrs from the internal and external surface of metal pipes. h. hold pieces of metal tightly while working on them.

Απάντηση:

Μετά το «to» ακολουθεί απαρέμφατο (a, d, g στο Α· a, d, f, g, h στο Β), ενώ μετά το «for» ακολουθεί γερούνδιο σε -ing (b, c, e, f στο Α· b, c, e στο Β).
Α. 1-c (forming machine), 2-g (drill: ανοίγει τρύπες σε συμπαγές μέταλλο), 3-d (punch: σημαδεύει το σημείο της τρύπας ώστε να διευκολυνθεί το τρύπημα), 4-a (dies: εξωτερικά σπειρώματα), 5-f (surface gauge), 6-b (mallet), 7-e (bending machine).
Β. 1-g (reamer), 2-d (tap), 3-h (vice), 4-f (vee blocks), 5-a (calipers), 6-e (tin snips), 7-b (lock-grip pliers), 8-c (tube bender).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A. Bench and sheet metal workers use a forming machine for curving sheet metal and forming cylinders of various diameters. / a drill to cut holes in solid metal. / a punch to start holes on metal to make drilling easier. / dies to cut threads on the external surface of metal rods, bolts or pipes. / a surface gauge for scribing lines parallel to a surface or vertical to another line. / a mallet for making bends on rods and bars, and also for bending, hemming or seaming sheet metal. / a bending machine for making bends on rods, bars and tubes. B. Technicians in the mechanical engineering field use a reamer to remove burrs from the internal and external surface of metal pipes. / a tap to cut threads on the internal surface of nuts or pipes. / a vice to hold pieces of metal tightly while working on them. / vee blocks to set objects on them for marking. / calipers to take internal or external measurements. / tin snips for cutting thin metal sheets. / lock-grip pliers for gripping objects or holding pieces of metal steady. / a tube bender for bending tubes.

Αντιστοίχιση στηλών (τεχνικοί θέρμανσης/ψύξης, λοιπές ειδικότητες) (σελ. 94)

Ερώτηση: 7. Match the two columns. A. For Heating-Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Technicians and Plumbers: 1. We use chisels to 2. Flaring tools are used to 3. With flat-tip screwdrivers, 4. Use a screw-pitch gauge to 5. Files are useful for 6. Swaging tools are used to 7. Tee handles give 8. Metal workers use the squaring shears to 9. We often use grinding machines for 10. A bar folder is used for 11. Use a pipe adjustable wrench for 12. Refrigeration systems technicians use a refrigeration service valves ratchet for — a. find the number of threads per inch. b. opening or closing the service valves of compressors as required. c. holding pipes or fastening and loosening fittings. d. cut sheets of metal, shear off rivets and split rusted nuts from bolts, especially in hard-to-get-to places. e. bending metal sheets, making hems, or turning an edge to receive a wire. f. cut large sheets of metal. g. spread the lips of a tube outwards in order to make a joint with a fitting. h. a better grip and save effort during repetitive work, or provide extra power. i. cutting, smoothing and removing small amounts of metal. j. grinding dull-edged tools, e.g. chisels. By fixing another wheel they can also do polishing or buffing. k. we can screw slot-head screws. l. expand the end of a tube so as to permit another tube of the same diameter to be inserted into it and form a joint. B. For technicians of the other specialities: 1. We use chisels to 2. Forging tongs are used for 3. With flat-tip screwdrivers, 4. Use a screw-pitch gauge to 5. Files are useful for 6. Scrapers are used for 7. Tee handles give 8. Metal workers use try squares to 9. We often use grinding machines for 10. A bar folder is used for 11. Use a surface plate to — a. find the number of threads per inch. b. scraping metal surfaces to clean or make them smooth. c. check flat surfaces. d. cut sheets of metal, shear off rivets and split rusted nuts from bolts, especially in hard-to-get-to places. e. bending metal sheets, making hems, or turning an edge to receive a wire. f. check right angles on metal pieces. g. holding pieces of metal while forging or heat treating them. h. a better grip and save effort during repetitive work, or provide extra power. i. cutting, smoothing and removing small amounts of metal. j. grinding dull-edged tools, e.g. chisels. By fixing another wheel they can also do polishing or buffing. k. we can screw slot-head screws.

Απάντηση:

Α. 1-d (chisels: cut sheets of metal, shear off rivets, split rusted nuts in hard-to-get-to places), 2-g (flaring tools: spread the lips of a tube outwards for a joint), 3-k (flat-tip screwdrivers: screw slot-head screws), 4-a (screw-pitch gauge: find threads per inch), 5-i (files: cutting, smoothing, removing small amounts of metal), 6-l (swaging tools: expand end of a tube to insert another of the same diameter), 7-h (tee handles: better grip, save effort, extra power), 8-f (squaring shears: cut large sheets of metal), 9-j (grinding machines: grinding dull-edged tools, e.g. chisels — also polishing/buffing), 10-e (bar folder: bending metal sheets, making hems, turning an edge for a wire), 11-c (pipe adjustable wrench: holding pipes, fastening/loosening fittings), 12-b (refrigeration service valves ratchet: opening/closing service valves of compressors).
Β. 1-d (chisels), 2-g (forging tongs: holding pieces of metal while forging or heat treating them), 3-k (flat-tip screwdrivers), 4-a (screw-pitch gauge), 5-i (files), 6-b (scrapers: scraping metal surfaces to clean or make them smooth), 7-h (tee handles), 8-f (try squares: check right angles on metal pieces), 9-j (grinding machines), 10-e (bar folder), 11-c (surface plate: check flat surfaces).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A. 1-d, 2-g, 3-k, 4-a, 5-i, 6-l, 7-h, 8-f, 9-j, 10-e, 11-c, 12-b. B. 1-d, 2-g, 3-k, 4-a, 5-i, 6-b, 7-h, 8-f, 9-j, 10-e, 11-c.

Ρήματα σε -ing (gerund) — συμπλήρωση κενών (σελ. 95)

Ερώτηση: GERUND. When a verb comes immediately after a preposition, it has to be in the gerund (verb + -ing) form. Choose the appropriate verbs from the list below, put them in the right form and fill in the gaps in the sentences: break, replace, take, hear, operate, multiply, service, cut, join, make, get up, use. 1. I am looking forward to ... from you soon. 2. He is thinking of ... his old electric drill with an impact wrench. 3. It's the first time he uses the squaring shears and is afraid of ... a mistake. 4. The circumference of a circle is found by ... the diameter by 3.1416. 5. The calipers are used for ... measurements. 6. Before ... a circle on a metal sheet, you must scribe it with the dividers. 7. He managed to make that difficult bend on the metal rod without ... it. 8. He went on ... the hammer although its handle was cracked. 9. Some techniques of ... metals with a heat source are quite difficult... 10. He is very experienced in ... machine tools. 11. As he has been used to ... late, he finds it difficult to wake up at six... 12. We attended a seminar on ... the new models of air-conditioning units.

Απάντηση:

Κάθε κενό βρίσκεται μετά από πρόθεση (to, of, by, for, before, without, on, in), άρα το ρήμα μπαίνει σε γερούνδιο (-ing)· το ρήμα επιλέγεται από το νόημα της πρότασης.
1. hearing — 2. replacing — 3. making — 4. multiplying — 5. taking — 6. cutting — 7. breaking — 8. using — 9. joining — 10. operating — 11. getting up — 12. servicing.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. hearing, 2. replacing, 3. making, 4. multiplying, 5. taking, 6. cutting, 7. breaking, 8. using, 9. joining, 10. operating, 11. getting up, 12. servicing.

Ταξινόμηση οδηγιών ασφαλείας/συντήρησης/ορθής χρήσης (σελ. 98)

Ερώτηση: USING HAND TOOLS CORRECTLY. The safety of the user and the quality of his job greatly depend on the correct use and maintenance of the tools he uses. The instructions below may prove useful. TASK 1. Read the instructions, and, in the spaces provided, write if they refer to: a) the safety of the user (S), b) the maintenance (M), or c) the correct use (C.U.) of the tool. Bear in mind that some instructions may belong to more than one of the above categories.

Απάντηση:

A. Pliers: 1. Select correct size/type for the job → C.U. 2. Be careful when holding a heated component, nose must not get hot → S. 3. Avoid finger traps on sudden release → S.
B. Files: 1. Select correct file for size/kind/material → C.U. 2. Don't use without a handle → S. 3. Don't use as a lever → S/M. 4. Never hammer on a file → M.
C. Hammers: 1. Select right type/weight/size → C.U. 2. Ensure handle not cracked, head securely attached → S. 3. Don't use shaft as a lever → S/M. 4. Never hammer on another hammer/tool not designed for it → M. 5. Discard if excessively worn/domed head → S.
D. Screwdrivers: 1. Select correct size/blade → C.U. 2. Keep handle free from oil/grease → S/C.U. 3. Don't use as levers/chisels, don't strike with hammer → S/M. 4. Keep blades sharp → M.
E. Wrenches/sockets/ratchets: 1. Ensure wrench dead square on the head → C.U. 2. Don't overload sockets → M. 3. Never fit «hand use» sockets to a machine impact tool → S/M. 4. Keep ratchet's turning parts lubricated → M. 5. Avoid extending a wrench/ratchet → S. 6. Never hammer on a wrench/ratchet → M.
F. Cutters/snips: 1. Keep cutting edges sharp → M/C.U. 2. Keep the pivot oiled → M. 3. Cutting edges at right angles to items cut → C.U. 4. Don't use snips to cut wires/bolts/rivets/nails → M/S. 5. Keep blades closed when not used → S.
G. Chisels/punches: 1. Keep point/edge sharp → M/C.U. 2. Avoid overheating when grinding → M. 3. Always grind mushroom heads/burrs off → S. 4. Don't use as levers → S/M.
H. Saws: 1. Select correct blade → C.U. 2. Regular checks of blade sharpness/teeth → M. 3. Don't use blades outside their frames → S. 4. Fasten securely → S. 5. Keep free of rust → M. 6. Return to special boxes after use → M.
I. Drills: 1. Select correct size for the job → C.U. 2. Ensure lips sharp/properly ground → M/C.U. 3. Don't use as levers or to stir paint → S/M.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε οδηγία ταξινομείται σε S (ασφάλεια), M (συντήρηση) ή C.U. (ορθή χρήση) — αρκετές ανήκουν σε περισσότερες από μία κατηγορίες, όπως σημειώνεται παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Το ίδιο το TASK 1 προειδοποιεί ρητά: «Bear in mind that some instructions may belong to more than one of the above categories» — μην επιλέξεις μόνο μία κατηγορία όταν ταιριάζουν δύο.

Οδηγίες κοινές σε περισσότερα από ένα εργαλεία (σελ. 101)

Ερώτηση: TASK 2. Read the instructions again and say which of them apply to the use of more than one tools.

Απάντηση:

Οδηγίες που επαναλαμβάνονται σε πολλές κατηγορίες εργαλείων (TASK 1, σελ. 98-101):
• «Select the correct size/type for the job» → pliers, files, hammers, screwdrivers, saws, drills.
• «Don't use it as a lever» → files, hammers (shaft), screwdrivers, chisels/punches, drills.
• «Never hammer on it / on a tool not designed for hammering» → files, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches.
• «Keep it sharp» (blade/edge/point) → screwdrivers (blades), cutters/snips, chisels/punches, saws, drills.
• «Keep it lubricated/oiled» → wrenches/ratchets (turning parts), cutters and snips (pivot).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Σε περισσότερα από ένα εργαλεία ισχύουν οι οδηγίες: «select the correct size/type for the job», «don't use it as a lever», «never hammer on it», «keep it sharp» και «keep its moving parts lubricated/oiled», όπως παραπάνω.

Αιτιολόγηση οδηγιών (cause/purpose) (σελ. 102)

Ερώτηση: TASK 3. EXPRESSING CAUSE/PURPOSE. Why are the instructions (for the correct use of tools) given? Choose reasons from the table to justify each instruction: a) it/they may slip, b) the tool(s) may break, c) it/they will become soft and useless, d) this will send chips of metal flying, e) prevent an injury/accident, f) secure firm grip of the tool(s), g) ensure its/their long life, h) to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results from your job. Examples: A1: Select the correct size and type of pliers for the job, so as to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results from your job. A2: Be careful when holding a component with a pair of pliers because, if they get hot, they'll become soft and useless.

Απάντηση:

A. Pliers: A1 → h (παράδειγμα βιβλίου). A2 → c (παράδειγμα βιβλίου). A3: Avoid finger traps when a sudden release occurs, so as to prevent an injury (e).
B. Files: B1: Select the correct file for the job in order to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results from your job (h). B2: Don't use a file without a handle, so as to prevent an injury (e). B3: Don't use a file as a lever, because it may break (b). B4: Never hammer on a file, as this will send chips of metal flying (d).
C. Hammers: C1: Select the right type, weight and size for each job to achieve optimum performance of the tool and satisfactory results (h). C2: Ensure that the handle is not cracked and the head is securely attached, so as to prevent an accident (e). C3: Don't use the shaft as a lever, because it may break (b). C4: Never hammer on another hammer or on tools not designed to be hammered, as this will send chips of metal flying (d). C5: Discard a hammer if it is excessively worn or has a domed head, because it may slip (a).
D. Screwdrivers: D1: Select the correct size and blade for the job, because otherwise it may slip (a). D2: Keep the handle free from oil or grease to secure firm grip of the tool (f). D3: Don't use screwdrivers as levers or chisels and don't strike them with a hammer, because they may break (b). D4: Keep their blades sharp, since a worn blade may slip (a).
E. Wrenches, sockets and ratchets: E1: Ensure a wrench is dead square on the fastened head, because it may slip (a). E2: Don't overload sockets, because they may break (b). E3: Never fit «hand use» sockets to a machine impact tool, because they may break (b). E4: Make sure the turning parts of your ratchet remain well lubricated, so as to ensure its long life (g). E5: Avoid extending a wrench or a ratchet, because it may slip or break (a, b). E6: Never hammer on a wrench or a ratchet, because it may break (b).
F. Cutters and snips: F1: Keep their cutting edges sharp in order to achieve optimum performance and satisfactory results (h). F2: Keep the pivot oiled to ensure their long life (g). F3: Make sure the cutting edges are at right angles to the items you are cutting, because they may slip (a). F4: Don't use snips to cut wires, bolts, rivets or nails, because they may break (b). F5: Keep the blades closed when not used, so as to prevent an injury (e).
G. Chisels and punches: G1: Keep the point of punches and the edge of chisels sharp to achieve optimum performance (h). G2: Avoid overheating when grinding them, because they will become soft and useless (c). G3: Always grind mushroom heads and burrs off chisels and punches, because otherwise hammering will send chips of metal flying (d). G4: Don't use them as levers, because they may break (b).
H. Saws: H1: Select the correct blade for the job to achieve optimum performance (h). H2: Make regular checks of the blades' sharpness and teeth to achieve satisfactory results (h). H3: Don't use blades outside their frames, because they may break (b). H4: Fasten them securely to their attachment, because otherwise they may slip (a). H5: Keep them free of rust to ensure their long life (g). H6: Return saws to their special boxes after use, so as to ensure their long life (g).
I. Drills: I1: Select the correct size for the job to achieve optimum performance (h). I2: Ensure that their lips are sharp and properly ground, in order to achieve satisfactory results (h). I3: Don't use them as levers or to stir paint, because they may break (b).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Κάθε οδηγία αιτιολογείται με μία από τις φράσεις a-h, με as/because/since για αιτία και to/so as (not) to/in order to για σκοπό, όπως παραπάνω.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Μετά το «so as to / in order to» ακολουθεί το ρήμα του σκοπού («so as to prevent an injury»)· το «so as not to» θα άλλαζε το νόημα.
Ενδεικτική αιτιολόγηση· ορισμένες οδηγίες δέχονται και δεύτερη αιτιολογία (π.χ. E5: a ή b).

Αναφορά οδηγιών σε πλάγιο λόγο (reported speech) (σελ. 102)

Ερώτηση: TASK 4. REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS. When your teacher gave the instructions concerning the correct use of hand tools, one of your classmates was absent. Your teacher asked you to inform him. Choose three tools and inform your classmate about the teacher's instructions. Examples: He told us to select the correct size and type of pliers for each job. He reminded/warned us not to overheat chisels when grinding them. He said that we shouldn't/should never use a file without a handle.

Απάντηση:

Ενδεικτική μεταφορά τριών οδηγιών σε πλάγιο λόγο:
Pliers: He told us to be careful when holding a component with a pair of pliers while heating it, because its nose mustn't get hot.
Hammers: He reminded/warned us to discard a hammer if it is excessively worn or has a domed head.
Screwdrivers: He said that we should never strike screwdrivers with a hammer or use them as levers or chisels.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Με τα ρήματα αναφοράς (told/advised/warned/reminded/said/insisted) και το κατάλληλο απαρέμφατο ή ειδική πρόταση (that-clause), οι άμεσες οδηγίες μεταφέρονται σε πλάγιο λόγο, όπως στα παραπάνω ενδεικτικά παραδείγματα (η επιλογή τριών συγκεκριμένων εργαλείων είναι στην κρίση του μαθητή).