Λύσεις — Unit 7: Adolescence (σελ. 105) – ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Β ΕΠΑΛ

ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Β ΕΠΑΛ ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Β ΕΠΑΛ – ΛΥΣΕΙΣ – ΑΠΑΝΤΗΣΕΙΣ Ασκήσεων Σχολικού Βιβλίου Λύσεις — Unit 7: Adolescence (σελ. 105) – ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΑΓΓΛΙΚΑ Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Unit 7: Adolescence

Λύσεις των 14 φιλτραρισμένων κλειστών ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 104-120): reading comprehension (έρευνα καπνίσματος/ναρκωτικών εφήβων, γονείς-συνομήλικοι), εκτενής πλάγιος λόγος (tense changes, reported statements/questions, matching κανόνων), λεξιλόγιο (word building, phrasal verbs, verb-preposition combinations) και γραμματική (Present Continuous για αλλαγές).

Reading «harmful habits» UK — λεξιλόγιο (Exercise 1)

Ερώτηση: Find a word or phrase in the text that means the following. research = organised = elder = ten years = announce = stopped = use up a large quantity = find and use = falling = size, range =

Απάντηση:

research → survey («an official survey conducted by the government»).
organised → conducted («a survey conducted by the government statistical service»).
elder → older (used interchangeably; the text says «their elder brothers and sisters»— word itself already given, target is «elder»/«older» reused contextually as the source word is literally «elder»).
ten years → a decade («the first reduction in a decade»).
announce → declare («too soon to declare that the battle... was being won»).
stopped → halted («the growth in popularity... appears to have been halted»).
use up a large quantity → get through («most of those who smoke get through 20 or more cigarettes a week»).
find and use → get hold of («Most got hold of the cigarettes by buying them in shops»).
falling → declining («the popularity of beer, lager and cider... is declining»).
size, range → extent («the extent of drug abuse increased sharply with age»).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) research=survey, organised=conducted, elder=older, ten years=a decade, announce=declare, stopped=halted, use up a large quantity=get through, find and use=get hold of, falling=declining, size/range=extent.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η λέξη-στόχος «elder» υπάρχει ήδη στο ίδιο σημείο του κειμένου ως δεδομένη λέξη της εκφώνησης, οπότε αυτό το κενό είναι το πιο ασθενές της άσκησης· κρατήθηκε ενδεικτικά ως «older».

True/False «harmful habits» UK (Exercise 2)

Ερώτηση: Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. According to the survey, older teenagers smoke and drink more than young teenagers. 2. Experts believe that it is too soon to say that schoolchildren are winning the battle against smoking. 3. Girls said that by the age of 15 they had never tried a cigarette. 4. The survey shows that most of the young smokers admitted that it would be difficult for them to stop smoking. 5. Only a small number of schoolchildren said they had ever used drugs. 6. The older the schoolchildren become, the more drugs they use. 7. 12% of 15-year-olds said they had tried stimulants. 8. The survey doesn't show a connection between smoking and illegal drugs.

Απάντηση:

1. Αληθές: «Britain's younger teenagers are smoking and drinking less than their elder brothers and sisters».
1. Αληθές: «experts said it was too soon to declare that the battle against smoking... was being won».
1. Ψευδές: μόνο το 30% των κοριτσιών είπαν ότι δεν είχαν δοκιμάσει ποτέ τσιγάρο μέχρι τα 15, όχι όλα.
1. Αληθές: «three quarters of smokers admitted they would already find it difficult to stop the habit».
1. Ψευδές: «Almost one third of pupils said they had been offered... drugs», και «34% of 15-year-olds said they had tried illegal drugs» — δεν είναι μικρός αριθμός.
1. Αληθές: «the extent of drug abuse increased sharply with age».
1. Αληθές: «Some 12% of 15-year-olds said they had tried stimulants such as amphetamines, or cocaine».
1. Ψευδές: «the survey shows a strong link between smoking and illegal drugs».

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-Αληθές, 2-Αληθές, 3-Ψευδές, 4-Αληθές, 5-Ψευδές, 6-Αληθές, 7-Αληθές, 8-Ψευδές.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Reported speech — ποια ήταν τα πραγματικά λόγια; (How language 1)

Ερώτηση: Read the following sentences. What were the speakers' actual words? 1. But experts said it was too soon to declare that the battle against smoking among schoolchildren was being won. [παράδειγμα: «It is too soon to declare that the battle against smoking among schoolchildren is being won.»] 2. Almost one third of pupils said they had been offered at least one of a list of illegal drugs. 3. Only 13% said they had ever used them. 4. By the age of 15 only 30% said they had never tried a cigarette.

Απάντηση:

Κανόνας: Past Perfect (πλάγιος) → Present Perfect (ευθύς)· Present Simple (πλάγιος αφηγηματικός) → Present Simple (ευθύς).
1. «they had been offered» → ευθύς λόγος: «We have been offered at least one of a list of illegal drugs.»
1. «they had ever used them» → ευθύς λόγος: «We have ever used them.» ή πιο φυσικά «We have used them.»
1. «they had never tried a cigarette» → ευθύς λόγος: «We have never tried a cigarette.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 2. «We have been offered at least one of a list of illegal drugs.» 3. «We have used them.» 4. «We have never tried a cigarette.»

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η αντωνυμία αλλάζει αντίστροφα (they/pupils → we, στο πρώτο πρόσωπο των ίδιων των μαθητών που μιλούν).

Report the following statements (Grammar 3)

Ερώτηση: Report the following statements. 1. "I don't like classical music very much." he said. 2. "I've never been to the United States." she said. 3. "We are leaving." they told us. 4. "John's had an accident." Mary told us. 5. "I'll see you tomorrow." he said. 6. "Alex phoned me yesterday." Alice told me. 7. "I can't drive." she said. 8. "The train leaves at 12.00 tonight." they told him. 9. "I'm not proud of what I've done." he said. 10. "He was working hard last night." his wife told us.

Απάντηση:

Εφαρμόζεται ο πίνακας αλλαγής χρόνων/αντωνυμιών/χρονικών προσδιορισμών (θεωρία).
1. Present Simple→Past Simple, I→he: «He said that he didn't like classical music very much.»
1. Present Perfect→Past Perfect: «She said that she had never been to the United States.»
1. Present Continuous→Past Continuous: «They told us that they were leaving.»
1. Present Perfect→Past Perfect: «Mary told us that John had had an accident.»
1. will→would, tomorrow→the next day: «He said that he would see me/us the next day.»
1. Past Simple→Past Perfect, yesterday→the day before: «Alice told me that Alex had phoned her the day before.»
1. can't→couldn't: «She said that she couldn't drive.»
1. Present Simple→Past Simple, tonight→that night: «They told him that the train left at 12.00 that night.»
1. Present Simple→Past Simple: «He said that he wasn't proud of what he had done.»
1. Past Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous: «His wife told us that he had been working hard the night before/that night.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. He said (that) he didn't like classical music very much. 2. She said (that) she had never been to the United States. 3. They told us (that) they were leaving. 4. Mary told us (that) John had had an accident. 5. He said (that) he would see me/us the next day. 6. Alice told me (that) Alex had phoned her the day before. 7. She said (that) she couldn't drive. 8. They told him (that) the train left at 12.00 that night. 9. He said (that) he wasn't proud of what he had done. 10. His wife told us (that) he had been working hard the night before.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Οι αντωνυμίες (I/he/she) αλλάζουν ανάλογα με το ποιος μιλάει και σε ποιον αναφέρεται — εδώ υποτίθεται τρίτο πρόσωπο ως αφηγητής.

Now report these statements — σχόλια εφήβων για ναρκωτικά (Reading)

Ερώτηση: Now report these statements making all the necessary changes. 1. Amanda, 14: "A lot of my friends have taken drugs at some point. I have never taken any though. I'm trying to stop my friend smoking, but she won't." 2. Sara, 16: "I was caught and excluded from school because we were caught smoking and 'dealing'." 3. Lyndsay, 16: "My school isn't bad at all!... you get people drinking alcohol. But I know from living in a bad area that people do smuggle in drugs to sell to their classmates!" 4. Ross, 13: "I have seen people on the streets taking drugs at night... People take drugs in my school, but still don't get caught!!" 5. Joshua, 15: "My school has a large drug problem, and everyone tries to deal them. If they get caught, it may tell them that they're ruining their lives." 6. Laura, 17: "Drugs do not affect me, so therefore I do not care." 7. Emma, 16: "It's pretty obvious in my school that drugs and cigarettes are going round all the time... I can't say it really changes my life or my schoolwork though." 8. Kirstie, 15: "Drugs aren't a problem at my school, but smoking is. I can barely breathe!" 9. Bill, 16: "I haven't seen drugs myself, but everyone in my class knows that older kids do drugs in the school toilets!"

Απάντηση:

Κάθε δήλωση μεταφέρεται με Present→Past, Present Perfect→Past Perfect, will/won't→would/wouldn't, I/my→she/her.
1. Amanda said that a lot of her friends had taken drugs at some point, but she had never taken any. She said she was trying to stop her friend smoking, but she wouldn't (stop).
1. Sara said that she had been caught and excluded from school because they had been caught smoking and 'dealing'.
1. Lyndsay said that her school wasn't bad at all... and that she knew from living in a bad area that people smuggled in drugs to sell to their classmates.
1. Ross said that he had seen people on the streets taking drugs at night, and that people took drugs in his school but still didn't get caught.
1. Joshua said that his school had a large drug problem and everyone tried to deal them, and that if they got caught, it might tell them that they were ruining their lives.
1. Laura said that drugs did not affect her, so therefore she did not care.
1. Emma said that it was pretty obvious in her school that drugs and cigarettes were going round all the time, but she couldn't say it really changed her life or her schoolwork.
1. Kirstie said that drugs weren't a problem at her school, but smoking was, and that she could barely breathe.
1. Bill said that he hadn't seen drugs himself, but everyone in his class knew that older kids did drugs in the school toilets.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Ενδεικτικές μεταφορές: Amanda said that a lot of her friends had taken drugs..., Sara said that she had been caught..., Lyndsay said that her school wasn't bad..., Ross said that he had seen people..., Joshua said that his school had a large drug problem..., Laura said that drugs did not affect her..., Emma said that it was pretty obvious..., Kirstie said that drugs weren't a problem..., Bill said that he hadn't seen drugs himself....

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ο πλάγιος λόγος εδώ έχει πολλαπλές προτάσεις ανά ομιλητή — αρκεί η σωστή εφαρμογή του κανόνα tense-shift σε κάθε ρήμα, η ακριβής διατύπωση είναι ενδεικτική.

Reading «Parents, Peers and Adolescents» — λεξιλόγιο (Exercise 1)

Ερώτηση: Find a word or phrase in the text that means the following. removing one's doubts or fear = laughable = strengthen = commonly = demands = earnings = argument = agreement = go away from other people, a place etc. = confidence =

Απάντηση:

removing one's doubts or fear → reassuring («They find it reassuring to turn for advice to friends»).
laughable → ridiculous («make them feel ridiculous»).
strengthen → reinforce («peers reinforce family values»).
commonly → typically («Peers typically replace the family»).
demands → strains («increases in family strains»).
earnings → income («lower family income»).
argument → conflict («Parent-adolescent conflict increases»).
agreement → negotiation («relationship negotiation»).
go away from other people, a place etc. → withdraw («they withdraw from family life»).
confidence → assertiveness («allowing age appropriate independence and assertiveness»).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) removing doubts/fear=reassuring, laughable=ridiculous, strengthen=reinforce, commonly=typically, demands=strains, earnings=income, argument=conflict, agreement=negotiation, go away=withdraw, confidence=assertiveness.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Το «agreement» ως στόχος-ορισμός είναι ελαφρώς παραπλανητικό: η λέξη-πηγή «negotiation» σημαίνει «διαπραγμάτευση», πιο κοντά σε «διευθέτηση» παρά σε ρητή «συμφωνία».

True/False Parents-Peers-Adolescents (Exercise 2)

Ερώτηση: Read the article again and decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. As children grow up, they turn to their peers rather than to their parents for advice. 2. The family remains the centre of a teenager's life. 3. More often peers strengthen family values rather than encourage problem behaviour. 4. Problems and stress at home make teenagers more distant from their parents. 5. Parents do not include their children in decision-making and rule-setting that affect their lives. 6. In most families parents and adolescents experience stressful relationships. 7. Teenagers need many skills in order to make the transition into independence. 8. Parents should do nothing to prepare for their child's adolescence.

Απάντηση:

1. Αληθές: «They find it reassuring to turn for advice to friends... who are in the same position as themselves».
1. Ψευδές: «Peers typically replace the family as the centre of a young person's social life».
1. Αληθές: «More often than not, peers reinforce family values, but they also encourage problem behaviours» — η ενίσχυση είναι ο συχνότερος ρόλος.
1. Αληθές: «Increases in family strains... have made teenagers depend more on peers», δηλαδή πιο απόμακροι από τους γονείς συναισθηματικά.
1. Ψευδές: το κείμενο λέει ότι χρειάζεται («Parents need to include adolescents in decision-making»), όχι ότι δεν το κάνουν.
1. Ψευδές: μόνο «10 to 20 percent of families» έχουν προβληματικές σχέσεις.
1. Αληθές: «Adolescents need many skills in order to successfully achieve their goal of increased independence».
1. Ψευδές: το κείμενο δίνει εκτενή λίστα πραγμάτων που πρέπει να κάνουν οι γονείς.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-Αληθές, 2-Ψευδές, 3-Αληθές, 4-Αληθές, 5-Ψευδές, 6-Ψευδές, 7-Αληθές, 8-Ψευδές.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Word building: ουσιαστικά σε -ence/-ness/-ity

Ερώτηση: Form nouns from the following adjectives, making any necessary spelling changes. confident, sad, violent, similar, real, silent, innocent, ill, dark, popular.

Απάντηση:

Κατάληξη -ence για επίθετα σε -ent (confident→confidence, violent→violence, silent→silence, innocent→innocence), -ness για βασικά επίθετα (sad→sadness, ill→illness, dark→darkness), -ity για επίθετα σε -ar/-al (similar→similarity, popular→popularity), -y→-ity με αλλαγή (real→reality).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) confident→confidence, sad→sadness, violent→violence, similar→similarity, real→reality, silent→silence, innocent→innocence, ill→illness, dark→darkness, popular→popularity.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Match τα παραδείγματα με τους κανόνες tense-change (How language 1)

Ερώτηση: Match the following examples with the tense changes presented in the table above (1. Present Simple→Past Simple, 2. Present Continuous→Past Continuous, 3. Past Simple→Past Perfect Simple, 4. Past Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous, 5. Present Perfect Simple→Past Perfect Simple, 6. Present Perfect Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous, 7. Past Perfect→Past Perfect (no change), 8. can/will→could/would, 9. Imperative→Infinitive, 10. be going to→was/were going to). a) "Open your books!"→She told them to open their books. b) "You are making too much noise!"→He said they were making too much noise. c) "I have never eaten such delicious food before."→She said she had never eaten such delicious food before. d) "They were studying all night."→They said that they had been studying all night. e) "I am so glad to see you again."→He said he was so glad to see us again. f) "I am going to move soon."→She said she was going to move soon. g) "I had never seen such a horrible film until that day."→He said he had never seen such a horrible film until that day. h) "She borrowed my books."→He said that she had borrowed his books. i) "I will be OK."→She said that she would be OK. j) "I have been waiting for ages!"→He said that he had been waiting for ages.

Απάντηση:

a) Imperative→Infinitive = κανόνας 9.
b) Present Continuous→Past Continuous = κανόνας 2.
c) Present Perfect Simple→Past Perfect Simple = κανόνας 5.
d) Past Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous = κανόνας 4.
e) Present Simple («I am»)→Past Simple («he was») = κανόνας 1.
f) be going to→was/were going to = κανόνας 10.
g) Past Perfect→Past Perfect (καμία αλλαγή) = κανόνας 7.
h) Past Simple→Past Perfect Simple = κανόνας 3.
i) will→would = κανόνας 8.
j) Present Perfect Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous = κανόνας 6.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a-9, b-2, c-5, d-4, e-1, f-10, g-7, h-3, i-8, j-6.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Κάθε ένας από τους 10 κανόνες χρησιμοποιείται ακριβώς μία φορά — καλή διασταύρωση της αντιστοίχισης.

Reported questions «starting with The school director» (How language 3)

Ερώτηση: Report the following questions, starting with 'The school director'. 1. What's your name? 2. What class are you in? 3. Why aren't you in your classroom? 4. Did your class teacher send you away?

Απάντηση:

Κανόνας: πλάγιες ερωτήσεις — το υποκείμενο πριν το ρήμα, χωρίς αντιστροφή/βοηθητικό do, ερωτήσεις ναι/όχι με if/whether.
1. «What's your name?» → «The school director asked me what my name was.»
1. «What class are you in?» → «The school director asked me what class I was in.»
1. «Why aren't you in your classroom?» → «The school director asked me why I wasn't in my classroom.»
1. «Did your class teacher send you away?» (ναι/όχι ερώτηση) → «The school director asked me if/whether my class teacher had sent me away.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1. The school director asked me what my name was. 2. The school director asked me what class I was in. 3. The school director asked me why I wasn't in my classroom. 4. The school director asked me if/whether my class teacher had sent me away.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Present Continuous για αλλαγές — cloze (10 προτάσεις)

Ερώτηση: Complete the following sentences. 1. My English (get) ........................................ better. 2. Prices (go) ........................................ up. 3. The climate (get) ........................................ warmer and warmer. 4. The world's population (grow) ........................................ . 5. Cars (get) ........................................ faster and more expensive. 6. Wildlife (disappear) ........................................ . 7. People (live) ........................................ longer. 8. Teenagers (get) ........................................ more violent. 9. It (become) ........................................ more difficult to protect our environment. 10. Unemployment (become) ........................................ a problem, especially for young people.

Απάντηση:

Όλα τα κενά χρειάζονται Present Continuous (be + -ing), γιατί περιγράφουν καταστάσεις που αλλάζουν/εξελίσσονται σταδιακά (κανόνας σελ. 118).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-is getting, 2-are going, 3-is getting, 4-is growing, 5-are getting, 6-is disappearing, 7-are living, 8-are getting, 9-is becoming, 10-is becoming.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Word building — 12 λέξεις (Work and play with words)

Ερώτηση: The following nouns and adjectives appear in this unit. Provide the missing endings. 1. ridicul................. (adjective) 2. reduct................. (noun) 3. popular................. (noun) 4. construct................. (adjective) 5. negotia................. (noun) 6. independ................. (noun) 7. develop................. (noun) 8. stress................. (adjective) 9. responsibil................. (noun) 10. transit................. (noun) 11. distribu................. (noun) 12. relation................. (noun)

Απάντηση:

Οι καταλήξεις προκύπτουν από λήμματα του Unit 7 (κείμενα σελ. 104-113): ridiculous, reduction, popularity, constructive, negotiation, independence, development, stressful, responsibility, transition, distribution, relationship.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-ridiculous, 2-reduction, 3-popularity, 4-constructive, 5-negotiation, 6-independence, 7-development, 8-stressful, 9-responsibility, 10-transition, 11-distribution, 12-relationship.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Phrasal verb «get» — underline+matching (5 προτάσεις)

Ερώτηση: Here are some more phrasal verbs with get. Underline the phrasal verbs and match them with their meanings. 1. The robbers got away with over two million dollars. 2. His divorce is beginning to get him down. 3. It's difficult to get along if you have a big family, and you don't earn much. 4. - How are you getting on with her? - I can't stand her. 5. She can't get over her shyness. a) have good relations with somebody b) manage c) escape after committing a crime d) recover from a shock or illness e) depress

Απάντηση:

1. «got away with» = escape after committing a crime → c).
1. «get... down» = depress → e).
1. «get along» = manage → b).
1. «getting on with» = have good relations with somebody → a) (εδώ ειρωνικά, αφού η απάντηση είναι αρνητική).
1. «get over» = recover from a shock or illness → d) (εδώ μεταφορικά, για δειλία).

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-c (got away with), 2-e (get...down), 3-b (get along), 4-a (getting on with), 5-d (get over).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Verb-preposition combinations (Exercise 2)

Ερώτηση: Complete the following sentences with the correct verb-preposition combination. Don't forget to put the verbs into the correct form. 1. Although the athlete had passed the semi-finals, he had to ................................. the race because of his leg injury. 2. Our neighbours ....................................................... their new house yesterday. 3. Don't ................................................. my help for the exams. You have to study on your own. 4. She couldn't talk to her parents about her problem, so she ................................................. her friends for advice. 5. The teacher asked the students to ....................... together ....................... a project about the environment. 6. Even nowadays women are ................................................. positions of authority. 7. We ................................................. different colours, until we succeeded in finding the right one to paint our house. 8. My parents are always ........................... me ............................................... my elder brother. I can't stand it any more. 9. Although the teacher asked students to hand in their tests, a great number of students ................................................. write. 10. It's easy to ................................................. these design materials, if you really want to, but they are going to be expensive.

Απάντηση:

Ζεύγη πίνακα σελ. 120: continue with, exclude from, move into, depend on, withdraw from, experiment with/on, compare to/with, work on, get hold of, turn to.
1. «had to withdraw from the race» (αποσύρθηκε).
1. «moved into their new house».
1. «depend on my help».
1. «turned to her friends for advice».
1. «work together on a project».
1. «excluded from positions of authority».
1. «experimented with different colours».
1. «comparing me to/with my elder brother».
1. «withdrew from write»? — πιο σωστά: «withdrew from writing» δεν ταιριάζει σημασιολογικά· κατάλληλο ρήμα εδώ είναι «a great number of students continued to write» αντίθετα στην οδηγία, ή, ακολουθώντας τα διαθέσιμα ζεύγη, «refused to» δεν υπάρχει στη λίστα — με βάση τη λίστα η καλύτερη επιλογή είναι «continued with writing» (αγνόησαν την οδηγία και συνέχισαν να γράφουν).
1. «get hold of these design materials».

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) 1-withdraw from, 2-moved into, 3-depend on, 4-turned to, 5-work together on, 6-excluded from, 7-experimented with, 8-comparing...to/with, 9-continued with (writing), 10-get hold of.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Το κενό #9 είναι το πιο ασαφές του συνόλου — η πρόταση περιγράφει μαθητές που αγνόησαν την οδηγία του δασκάλου να παραδώσουν τα τεστ, οπότε το νόημα «συνέχισαν να γράφουν» ταιριάζει καλύτερα από τα άλλα διαθέσιμα ζεύγη· ενδεικτική απάντηση.

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