Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 12 ερωτήσεων κατανόησης (A. Questions) και των 5 κλειστών ασκήσεων λεξιλογίου/γραμματικής (B. Exercises) της ενότητας (σελ. 315-317).

Market-places

Ερώτηση: What is the common name of the open areas where a market is held?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 314): «The open areas where a market is held are commonly named market-places.»

Σύνοψη: They are commonly named market-places.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η απάντηση βρίσκεται αυτολεξεί στη σελ. 314.

Η έννοια του «market» στον επιχειρηματικό κόσμο

Ερώτηση: Is the meaning of "market" in the business world as simple as it is for most people?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 314): «in the business world, market is a variety of specialized terms and meanings. Some say that it is the total public demand for an article or a commodity...» κ.λπ.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) No, it isn't. In the business world "market" has a variety of specialized terms and meanings: the total public demand for a commodity, the present or possible future demand, the state of trade (the rate of buying and selling), or, according to economic theory, an organized group of buyers and sellers who are in touch with each other so that there is only one price.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ξεκίνα με Νo, it isn't και μετά ανέφερε τουλάχιστον 2-3 από τις εξειδικευμένες σημασίες του κειμένου.

Ορισμός market price

Ερώτηση: What do we mean by the term "market price"?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 314-315): «the market price is the price of an article or a commodity that is current in the market.»

Σύνοψη: The market price is the price of an article or a commodity that is current in the market.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η απάντηση βρίσκεται σχεδόν αυτολεξεί στο κείμενο.

Marked price ≠ market price

Ερώτηση: Is the "marked price" the same as the "market price"?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «The marked price has nothing to do with the market price. It is the price marked on goods sold in shops.»

Σύνοψη: No, it isn't. The marked price has nothing to do with the market price — it is the price marked on goods sold in shops.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ξεκίνα με No, it isn't και εξήγησε τι είναι η marked price.

Μέτρο κατά της αύξησης κόστους ζωής

Ερώτηση: What is a necessary step governments have to take in order to prevent the cost of living from rising, especially during a wage freeze?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «Another limitation on the raising of prices is when a government acts to control prices in times of inflation. This is a necessary step to prevent the cost of living from rising, especially during a wage freeze.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Governments have to act to control prices in times of inflation (a "price freeze"), so as to prevent the cost of living from rising.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Χρησιμοποίησε τον όρο price freeze.

Closed market

Ερώτηση: When do we have a "closed market"?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «When a country or an area has been declared to be closed to all producers and sellers, except a monopolist or his licensee, then we have a closed market.»

Σύνοψη: We have a closed market when a country or an area has been declared closed to all producers and sellers except a monopolist or his licensee.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η απάντηση βρίσκεται αυτολεξεί στο κείμενο.

Open (free) market

Ερώτηση: How do we call the market system according to which several manufacturers or their agents are free to compete with each other in selling their products?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «then there exists the open market. It is also called free market and when it exists, buyers and sellers are free of interference and control.»

Σύνοψη: We call it the open market (also called free market).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Δύο ονόματα για την ίδια έννοια: open market = free market.

Ready market = active market

Ερώτηση: Is the term "ready market" the same as the term "active market"?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «When the market is in a state of activity and certain stocks are popular, marketable and easily or quickly sold and bought, then the market is called active or ready.»

Σύνοψη: Yes, it is. "Active" and "ready" are two names for the same kind of market — one in which stocks are popular, marketable, and easily/quickly sold and bought.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ξεκίνα με Yes, it is.

Πώς αποφεύγεται ο ανταγωνισμός

Ερώτηση: How do producers agree to avoid competition?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «Restricted market is the one into which a producer has agreed with one or more other producers to restrict... his selling in order to avoid competition.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) A producer agrees with one or more other producers to restrict (limit) his own selling — this is called a restricted market.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Το κλειδί της απάντησης είναι η λέξη restrict/limit.

Προϊόντα που χρειάζονται fringe market

Ερώτηση: Can you refer to some products which are in need of the "fringe market"?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «This is the market for small containers used for the pre-packing of some products, especially the liquid ones, or the liquid gases.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Products that need small containers for pre-packing, especially liquid products or liquid gases, are in need of the fringe market.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ενδεικτική απάντηση — δεκτό οποιοδήποτε παράδειγμα υγρού προϊόντος (π.χ. αναψυκτικά, χημικά υγρά).

Grey market

Ερώτηση: Does the term "grey market" refer to the increase of prices when a commodity is scarce at a particular time?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «Any lawful trading in goods that are scarce at a particular time and, therefore, command a much higher price than the normal one, is called grey market.»

Σύνοψη: Yes, it does. The grey market is the lawful trading of goods that are scarce at a particular time and therefore command a much higher price than normal.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ξεκίνα με Yes, it does.

Black market

Ερώτηση: How do we call the unlawful trading?

Απάντηση:

Αυτούσιο (σελ. 315): «Black market is the unlawful trading in goods that are scarce, either because supplies are officially rationed or forbidden, or because prices are controlled by government order.»

Σύνοψη: We call it the black market.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Η απάντηση βρίσκεται αυτολεξεί στο κείμενο.

Αντιστοίχιση όρων (Match the following)

Ερώτηση: Match the following: a. market b. buyers and sellers c. is held d. article e. commodity f. called g. in touch with h. current i. forbidden j. agent k. manufacturers l. confuse m. economic good n. restricted market — with: 1. traders 2. item 3. trading 4. product 5. named 6. takes place 7. misunderstand 8. producers 9. valid 10. representative 11. not allowed 12. in contact with 13. reserved market 14. benefit; profit

Απάντηση:

a-3 (market ~ trading), b-1 (buyers and sellers = traders), c-6 (is held = takes place), d-2 (article = item), e-4 (commodity = product), f-5 (called = named), g-12 (in touch with = in contact with), h-9 (current = valid), i-11 (forbidden = not allowed), j-10 (agent = representative), k-8 (manufacturers = producers), l-7 (confuse = misunderstand), m-14 (economic good = benefit; profit), n-13 (restricted market = reserved market).

Σύνοψη: a-3, b-1, c-6, d-2, e-4, f-5, g-12, h-9, i-11, j-10, k-8, l-7, m-14, n-13.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Κάθε γράμμα αντιστοιχεί σε ΕΝΑΝ αριθμό — χρησιμοποίησε κάθε αριθμό μία μόνο φορά.
Μοναδική λογική αντιστοίχιση συνωνύμων/ορισμών.

Αντίθετα με πρόθημα/επίθημα

Ερώτηση: Add the suitable prefix or suffix to form the opposite meanings to the following: a. possible b. certain c. sufficiently d. necessary e. exhaustible f. licensed g. able h. meaning i. limit j. normal

Απάντηση:

a. possible → impossible
b. certain → uncertain
c. sufficiently → insufficiently
d. necessary → unnecessary
e. exhaustible → inexhaustible
f. licensed → unlicensed
g. able → unable
h. meaning → meaningless
i. limit → unlimited
j. normal → abnormal

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. impossible, b. uncertain, c. insufficiently, d. unnecessary, e. inexhaustible, f. unlicensed, g. unable, h. meaningless, i. unlimited, j. abnormal.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Πρόσεξε τα προθήματα άρνησης: im-, un-, in-, ab-.
Το (e) exhaustible→inexhaustible ταιριάζει με τον τίτλο της ενότητας «an inexhaustible field».

Ουσιαστικά επαγγέλματος (Which persons do the following)

Ερώτηση: Which persons do the following? a. buy b. sell c. trade d. market e. supply f. retail g. produce h. compete i. manufacture j. control

Απάντηση:

a. buy → buyer
b. sell → seller
c. trade → trader
d. market → marketer
e. supply → supplier
f. retail → retailer
g. produce → producer
h. compete → competitor
i. manufacture → manufacturer
j. control → controller

Σύνοψη: a. buyer, b. seller, c. trader, d. marketer, e. supplier, f. retailer, g. producer, h. competitor, i. manufacturer, j. controller.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Κανόνας σχηματισμού: ρήμα + -er/-or για το πρόσωπο που κάνει τη δράση.

Προθέσεις

Ερώτηση: Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions. a. ... the business world, "market" is a variety ... specialized terms and meanings. b. Keeping ... touch is useful ... all the traders. c. ... other words, the "market price" is the price ... an article or a commodity that is current ... the market. d. ... the contrary, if there is an area ... which several manufacturers are free ... compete ... each other ... selling their products, then there exists the system ... the "open market". e. Many commodities are ... need ... the "fringe market". f. You shouldn't confuse the "grey" ... the "black" market. g. Prices are usually controlled ... government order. h. Is this system ... simple ... it was expected ... be?

Απάντηση:

a. In / of
b. in / for
c. In / of / in
d. On / in / to / with / in / of
e. in / of
f. with
g. by
h. as / as / to

Σύνοψη: a. In...of, b. in...for, c. In...of...in, d. On...in...to...with...in...of, e. in...of, f. with, g. by, h. as...as...to.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Πάγιες εκφράσεις: in the business world, in touch with, in other words, on the contrary, in need of, controlled by, as simple as.

Σχηματισμός ουσιαστικών από ρήματα

Ερώτηση: Form the nouns deriving from the list below (remember that some nouns have the same formation with their corresponding verbs). a. market b. trade c. vary d. mean e. demand f. limit g. govern h. agree i. determine j. compete k. produce l. supply

Απάντηση:

a. market → market/marketing
b. trade → trade/trading
c. vary → variety
d. mean → meaning
e. demand → demand (ίδια μορφή)
f. limit → limitation
g. govern → government
h. agree → agreement
i. determine → determination
j. compete → competition
k. produce → production
l. supply → supply (ίδια μορφή)

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. market/marketing, b. trade/trading, c. variety, d. meaning, e. demand, f. limitation, g. government, h. agreement, i. determination, j. competition, k. production, l. supply.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τα market, trade, demand, supply έχουν την ΙΔΙΑ μορφή ως ρήμα και ουσιαστικό.
Ενδεικτική απάντηση — δεκτή και η εναλλακτική μορφή (π.χ. marketing αντί για market).

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