Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 49: Reengineering – ENGLISH FOR OFFICE CLERKS Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 49: Reengineering

Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 20 φιλτραρισμένων ασκήσεων της ενότητας (σελ. 240-243): 15 ερωτήσεις κατανόησης (A. Questions) + 5 κλειστές ασκήσεις λεξιλογίου/γραμματικής (B. Exercises 1-5). Η Άσκηση Β.6 («Express your personal opinion in a paragraph of about 80 words») είναι ΑΝΟΙΧΤΗ παραγωγική εργασία και εξαιρείται (standing convention activity-to-indicative-exception) — το CH table του book_eoc_help.py εκτιμούσε 21 (A=15+B=6), το πραγματικό φιλτραρισμένο σύνολο εδώ είναι 20.

Ο ορισμός της αναδιοργάνωσης

Ερώτηση: What is "reengineering"?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «It is the replanning and redesigning of businesses; the rejoining of them for a better future.»

Σύνοψη: It is the replanning and redesigning of businesses — the rejoining of them for a better future.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ποιοι το επινόησαν

Ερώτηση: Who was it devised by?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «It's a new financial "logic" lately devised by two famous American economists.»

Σύνοψη: It was devised by two famous American economists.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ο ισχυρισμός των οικονομολόγων

Ερώτηση: What do the two American economists claim?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «These economists claim that most commercial industries still function according to the old-fashioned laws of the past time, when the economy played a "local role" and the customer was taken for granted.»

Σύνοψη: They claim that most commercial industries still function according to old-fashioned laws of a past time, when the economy played a "local role" and the customer was taken for granted.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Παραγγελίες μόνο από την τοπική αγορά;

Ερώτηση: Do customers, today, order products only from the local market?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «the customer, being aware of every new product that comes out into the market, is able to order it from every distant corner of the earth.»

Σύνοψη: No, they do not — today customers can order products from every distant corner of the earth, not only from the local market.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Νέες στάσεις επιχειρηματιών-πελατών

Ερώτηση: What are the new attitudes of businessmen and customers?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «every new businessman becomes automatically a powerful competitor against all the others, and every new customer has his own individual needs and demands personal treatment.»

Σύνοψη: Every new businessman automatically becomes a powerful competitor against all the others, and every new customer has individual needs and demands personal treatment.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Χαρακτηριστικά εμπορίου-βιομηχανίας σήμερα

Ερώτηση: What characterizes commerce and industry today?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «commerce and industry have become fields of enormous insecurity and they are full of imponderable factors.»

Σύνοψη: Commerce and industry today are characterized by enormous insecurity and are full of imponderable factors.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τύχη καταστημάτων-εργοστασίων χωρίς reengineering

Ερώτηση: What will happen to shops and factories, unless "reengineering" is applied?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «Shops and factories close down and will continue to do so, unless "reengineering" is applied.»

Σύνοψη: Shops and factories will continue to close down, unless "reengineering" is applied.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τι εξασφάλισαν οι δύο οικονομολόγοι

Ερώτηση: What have the two economists ensured?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «they have ensured an increase of the income of the companies, which asked for their help, up to 100%.»

Σύνοψη: They have ensured an increase of income, of up to 100%, for the companies that asked for their help.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Είναι χρήσιμος ο καταμερισμός εργασίας;

Ερώτηση: Do the two economists believe that "division of labour" is useful?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «They believe that the old golden rule which concerns the famous "division of labour" is not useful any more.»

Σύνοψη: No, they do not — they believe the old golden rule of "division of labour" is not useful any more.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τι σημαίνουν τα «κουτιά» στις επιχειρήσεις

Ερώτηση: What do we mean when we say "boxes" in business?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «The company which works with "boxes", that is specialized sections and departments or specifically trained personnel...»

Σύνοψη: "Boxes" means specialized sections and departments, or specifically trained personnel, working separately within a company.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Πού καταλήγει μια εταιρεία με «κουτιά»

Ερώτηση: What does a company which works with "boxes" end in?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «ends in the creation of whole mechanisms, which hold these "boxes" together, and in the forming of groups of bureaucrats, who control and arbitrate. In this way, the production remains the same... the cost keeps going up and the customers gradually disappear.»

Σύνοψη: It ends in the creation of bureaucratic mechanisms and groups of bureaucrats who control and arbitrate, while production stays the same, costs keep rising and customers gradually disappear.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Οργάνωση της «σωστής» εταιρείας

Ερώτηση: How should, according to the two American economists, a right company be organized?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 240): «The right company is the one which is run by the least number of managers and directors and which is constituted into groups of work.»

Σύνοψη: It should be run by the least number of managers and directors possible, and be organized into groups of work.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Είναι εφικτή τέτοια οργάνωση;

Ερώτηση: Is such an organisation possible?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 241): «Such an organisation is nowadays possible thanks to the computer science.»

Σύνοψη: Yes, such an organisation is possible nowadays thanks to computer science.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τι θα συμβεί αν οι υπολογιστές δουλεύουν σωστά

Ερώτηση: What will happen to a company if the computers work properly?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 241): «If the computers work properly, many directors, managers and supervisors are going to become redundant.»

Σύνοψη: If the computers work properly, many directors, managers and supervisors will become redundant.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Πρόβλεψη για την ανεργία

Ερώτηση: Do the two economists believe that there will be unemployment in the future?

Απάντηση:

• Αυτούσιο (σελ. 241): «won't this rejoining cause a great unemployment? Our economists accept this view. However, the short span of life of many industries, which refuse to change their policy, will simply intensify the crisis... If businesses flourish again... there are still hopes of a full occupation for all people.»

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) They accept that reengineering may cause unemployment, but they believe that refusing to change will make unemployment even worse, whereas if businesses flourish again there are still hopes of full occupation for all people.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Απάντηση με απόχρωση — δεν είναι απλό ναι/όχι: αποδέχονται τον κίνδυνο, αλλά βλέπουν ελπίδα αν εφαρμοστεί η αναδιοργάνωση.

Matching συνωνύμων (Άσκηση Β.1, 15 ζεύγη)

Ερώτηση: Match the following so as to form fifteen pairs of synonyms: a. planning b. devised c. function d. being aware of e. comes out f. powerful g. demands h. imponderable i. applied j. ends in k. going up I. span m. constituted n. intensify o. abolition — with: 1. appears 2. put into practice; used 3. rising 4. designing; framework 5. make stronger/greater 6. banning 7. distributed 8. strong 9. duration; period 10. invented 11. knowing well 12. results in 13. asks for 14. work; be in action 15. of which the importance cannot be calculated or measured exactly.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη του κειμένου (σελ. 240-241) αντιστοιχεί σε ΕΝΑ συνώνυμο.

Σύνοψη: a-4 (planning = designing/framework) · b-10 (devised = invented) · c-14 (function = work/be in action) · d-11 (being aware of = knowing well) · e-1 (comes out = appears) · f-8 (powerful = strong) · g-13 (demands = asks for) · h-15 (imponderable = cannot be measured exactly) · i-2 (applied = put into practice) · j-12 (ends in = results in) · k-3 (going up = rising) · l-9 (span = duration/period) · m-7 (constituted = distributed [οργανωμένο σε ομάδες]) · n-5 (intensify = make stronger/greater) · o-6 (abolition = banning).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Διόρθωση λανθασμένων λέξεων (Άσκηση Β.2, a-h)

Ερώτηση: Replace the wrongly used words with proper ones so as to form meaningful sentences: a. Most commercial industies still function according to the old-fashioned lows of the passed time. b. In the past, the customer was given for granted. c. Today, the market is universal and show is the consumer. d. The businessman is being attached by competition from all over the world. e. Customers are able to order products from every instant corner of the earth. f. Commerce and industry have become fields of enormous insurance. g. Businesses usually work with "foxes", that is specialized actions and apartments. h. The right company is the one which is driven by the list number of managers and detectors and which is contributed into groups of work.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε πρόταση περιέχει λέξεις που ηχητικά μοιάζουν με τις σωστές του κειμένου (σελ. 240), αλλά έχουν λάθος σημασία.

Σύνοψη: a. industies→industries, lows→laws, passed→past. b. given→taken. c. show→so. d. attached→attacked. e. instant→distant. f. insurance→insecurity. g. foxes→boxes, actions→sections, apartments→departments. h. driven→run, list→least, detectors→directors, contributed→constituted.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Μετασχηματισμός προτάσεων (Άσκηση Β.3, a-h)

Ερώτηση: Rewrite the following sentences using the new prompts. a. Two famous American economists devised "reengineering". "Reengineering"... b. Businessmen and traders are being attacked by competition. Competition... c. Customers can order products from every distant corner of the earth. Products... d. Shops and factories will close down unless "reengineering" is applied. Shops and factories will close down unless businessmen... e. The two economists have ensured a great increase of the income of the businesses. A great increase... f. A right company should be run by only few managers and directors. Only few... g. Each group of employees are to perform or carry out any one of the tasks which comprise the target of the company. Any one of the tasks... h. "Reengineering" means that the roles are being determined by the skill and efficiency of each member of the staff. "Reengineering" means that the skill...

Απάντηση:

• Μετατροπή ενεργητικής↔παθητικής σύνταξης διατηρώντας το νόημα, με το νέο υποκείμενο να καθορίζει τη σύνταξη.

Σύνοψη: a. "Reengineering" was devised by two famous American economists. b. Competition from all over the world is attacking businessmen and traders. c. Products can be ordered by customers from every distant corner of the earth. d. Shops and factories will close down unless businessmen apply "reengineering". e. A great increase of the income of the businesses has been ensured by the two economists. f. Only few managers and directors should run a right company. g. Any one of the tasks which comprise the target of the company is to be performed or carried out by each group of employees. h. "Reengineering" means that the skill and efficiency of each member of the staff determine the roles.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Σωστό/Λάθος (Άσκηση Β.4, a-j)

Ερώτηση: Based on the text, say whether the following statements are True or False. a. "Reengineering" is an old financial "logic". b. It has been devised by two famous American economists. c. These economists claim that the ways in which most commercial industries function are old-fashioned and must change. d. Today, every new customer has his personal needs and demands special treatment. e. Commerce and industry are not controlled by any imponderable factors. f. The two economists have increased the income of some companies up to 20%. g. They believe that the famous "division of labour" has proved to be useful. h. The business which works with "boxes", according to the two economists, is the most profitable one. i. Only few managers and directors should run a company. j. The two economists don't believe that unemployment will increase, when "reengineering" is put into practice.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε πρόταση ελέγχεται σε σχέση με το αυτούσιο κείμενο των σελ. 240-241.

Σύνοψη: a. False (είναι ΝΕΑ λογική). b. True. c. True. d. True. e. False (είναι γεμάτα αστάθμητους παράγοντες). f. False (έως 100%, όχι 20%). g. False (πιστεύουν ότι ΔΕΝ είναι πια χρήσιμος). h. False (η εταιρεία με «κουτιά» έχει σταθερή/χωρίς αύξηση παραγωγή, αυξανόμενο κόστος και φθίνουσα πελατεία — δεν είναι η πιο κερδοφόρα). i. True. j. False (αποδέχονται ότι μπορεί να προκληθεί ανεργία, αν και πιστεύουν πως η άρνηση αλλαγής θα την επιδεινώσει περισσότερο).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Odd-man-out (Άσκηση Β.5, a-f)

Ερώτηση: Choose the odd-man-out. a. replanning, redesigning, redrawing, revealing b. declare, imply, denote, apply c. business, competitor, create, product d. for, over, and, from e. control, come, cost, significant f. run, trained, will disappear, constituted.

Απάντηση:

• Σε κάθε ομάδα, τρεις λέξεις μοιράζονται κοινό χαρακτηριστικό (σημασιολογικό ή γραμματικό) και μία ξεχωρίζει.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) a. revealing (οι άλλες τρεις σημαίνουν «επανασχεδιασμός/επαναδιαμόρφωση»· το «revealing» = αποκάλυψη, άσχετη σημασία). b. apply (οι άλλες τρεις σημαίνουν περίπου «δηλώνω/υποδηλώνω»· το «apply» = εφαρμόζω, διαφορετική σημασία). c. create (μοναδικό ρήμα· οι άλλες τρεις είναι ουσιαστικά). d. and (μοναδικός σύνδεσμος· οι άλλες τρεις είναι προθέσεις). e. come (μοναδικό ρήμα· οι άλλες τρεις είναι ουσιαστικά/επίθετο [cost=ουσιαστικό, significant=επίθετο, control=ουσιαστικό/ρήμα - come ξεχωρίζει ως το μόνο καθαρό ρήμα κίνησης]). f. trained (μοναδικό επίθετο/μετοχή παθητικής χωρίς ρηματικό χρόνο ενεργητικής φωνής· run, will disappear, constituted λειτουργούν ως ρηματικοί τύποι στο κείμενο).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Στα (e)-(f) η ταξινόμηση βασίζεται στη λειτουργία της λέξης μέσα στο αυτούσιο κείμενο του κεφαλαίου, όχι σε απόλυτο γραμματικό κανόνα εκτός συγκειμένου.