Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 74: Unit 6 Consolidation Exercises – ENGLISH FOR OFFICE CLERKS Β ΕΠΑΛ

Λύσεις — Κεφάλαιο 74: Unit 6 Consolidation Exercises

Ενδεικτικές λύσεις των 20 κλειστών ασκήσεων επανάληψης της ενότητας (σελ. 362-372): σχηματισμός ρημάτων/σύνθετων λέξεων, ομάδες συνωνύμων, αντίθετα και προθήματα, ρηματικοί χρόνοι/υποθετικός λόγος, πλάγιος λόγος, παθητική φωνή, infinitive/gerund, αόριστες αντωνυμίες, λεξιλόγιο αγοράς, σύνδεσμοι εναντίωσης, προθέσεις, τροπικά ρήματα και Σωστό/Λάθος. Η άσκηση 21 «Activities» (γράψε επιστολή σε φίλο + αίτηση και βιογραφικό) είναι ανοιχτή παραγωγική εργασία και εξαιρείται.

Σχηματισμός ρημάτων από ουσιαστικά/επίθετα (a-p)

Ερώτηση: Change the nouns and adjectives into verbs by putting the prefixes en- (em-) or the suffixes -ify, -ise (-ize) or -en and/or by changing the sound /s/ to /z/ and /f/ to /v/: a. modern b. able c. danger d. legal e. power f. courage g. symbol h. public i. belief j. advice k. half l. emphasis m. use /jus/ n. sure o. simple p. identity

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη μετατρέπεται σε ρήμα με το κατάλληλο πρόθημα/επίθημα ή αλλαγή ήχου, όπως ορίζει η εκφώνηση.

Σύνοψη: a. modernize. b. enable. c. endanger. d. legalize. e. empower. f. encourage. g. symbolize. h. publicize. i. believe. j. advise. k. halve. l. emphasize. m. use /juːz/ (ίδια γραφή, αλλαγή προφοράς). n. ensure. o. simplify. p. identify.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Στα i, j, k, m η αλλαγή είναι κυρίως φωνητική (/s/→/z/, /f/→/v/) χωρίς πρόσθετο πρόθημα/επίθημα.

Σχηματισμός σύνθετων λέξεων (a-j × 1-10)

Ερώτηση: Make compound words by combining the words in the first column with the ones in the second: a. life b. chair c. share d. super e. life f. sight g. work h. further i. check j. guide — with: 1.vision 2.belt 3.see 4.style 5.force 6.man 7.more 8.holder 9.line 10.list

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη της πρώτης στήλης συνδυάζεται με λέξη της δεύτερης ώστε να σχηματίζεται υπαρκτή αγγλική σύνθετη λέξη. Η λέξη «life» εμφανίζεται δύο φορές (a, e) και συνδυάζεται με δύο διαφορετικές λέξεις (style, belt).

Σύνοψη: a-4 (lifestyle). b-6 (chairman). c-8 (shareholder). d-1 (supervision). e-2 (lifebelt). f-3 (sightsee). g-5 (workforce). h-7 (furthermore). i-10 (checklist). j-9 (guideline).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ομάδες τριών λέξεων ίδιας/συναφούς σημασίας

Ερώτηση: Make ten groups of three words with similar meanings. Take one word from each column. The first example is done for you (example: 'tip, bonus and commission' are all types of money people receive from work). Column A: tip, company, fee, trader, manager, profession, producer, rule, advantage, project, mistake, buy, commodity. Column B: bonus, businessman, occupation, agency, regulation, benefit, survey, wages, sell, manufacturer, director, product, fault. Column C: commission, salary, seller, maker, supervisor, precept, firm, profit, planning, career, error, article, purchase.

Απάντηση:

• ⚠️ Επαληθεύτηκε ΜΕ pdftotext -layout ότι υπάρχουν 39 λέξεις (13 ανά στήλη), δηλαδή 13 τριάδες συνολικά (το δοθέν παράδειγμα + 12 ακόμη), ΟΧΙ 10 όπως αναφέρει κυριολεκτικά η εκφώνηση — βλ. σημείωση στο docstring. Η ομαδοποίηση παρακάτω βασίζεται σε σημασιολογική/θεματική συνάφεια.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) Παράδειγμα (δοσμένο): tip, bonus, commission — είδη αμοιβής πέραν του μισθού. 1. salary, wages, fee — τύποι πληρωμής για εργασία/υπηρεσία. 2. occupation, profession, career — συνώνυμα του «επάγγελμα». 3. producer, manufacturer, maker — αυτός που κατασκευάζει προϊόντα. 4. product, commodity, article — είδος προς πώληση/εμπόρευμα. 5. trader, seller, businessman — άτομα που ασχολούνται με εμπόριο. 6. manager, director, supervisor — άτομο υπεύθυνο/επικεφαλής. 7. rule, regulation, precept — κανόνας/αρχή προς τήρηση. 8. advantage, benefit, profit — όφελος/κέρδος. 9. company, agency, firm — επιχειρηματικός οργανισμός. 10. mistake, fault, error — λάθος. 11. project, survey, planning — οργανωμένη δραστηριότητα σχεδιασμού/έρευνας. 12. buy, sell, purchase — ενέργειες εμπορικής συναλλαγής.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Ενδεικτική ομαδοποίηση (exact=False) — δεν υπάρχει διαθέσιμο επίσημο key για απόλυτη επιβεβαίωση της ακριβούς αντιστοίχισης· η ομάδα 12 (buy/sell/purchase) είναι θεματική (πράξεις συναλλαγής), όχι αυστηρά συνώνυμη, όπως και το δοσμένο παράδειγμα.

Αντίθετα με πρόθημα/επίθημα (a-p)

Ερώτηση: Give the opposites of the following adding the suitable prefix or suffix: a. sufficient b. exhaustible c. limited d. agreement e. meaning(ful) f. accurate g. successful h. organise i. honest j. legal k. efficient l. competent m. responsible n. advantage o. regard(ing) p. charge

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη παίρνει το κατάλληλο πρόθημα (in-/un-/dis-/ir-) ή επίθημα (-less) για να σχηματίσει το αντίθετό της.

Σύνοψη: a. insufficient. b. inexhaustible. c. unlimited. d. disagreement. e. meaningless. f. inaccurate. g. unsuccessful. h. disorganise. i. dishonest. j. illegal. k. inefficient. l. incompetent. m. irresponsible. n. disadvantage. o. disregard(ing). p. discharge.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Στο p. το «discharge» αποδίδει την αντίθετη έννοια του «χρεώνω/επιβαρύνω» (=απαλλάσσω από χρέος/υποχρέωση).

Πίνακας ρήμα-ουσιαστικό-επίθετο (12 σειρές)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the following blanks (Verb — Noun — Adjective): consume—.....—..... · .....—.....—motivational · .....—.....—creative · .....—extension—..... · .....—demonstration—..... · .....—.....—available · compete—.....—..... · administrate—.....—..... · .....—satisfaction—..... · .....—promotion—..... · execute—.....—..... · .....—.....—preparatory

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε γραμμή συμπληρώνεται με τα τρία μέρη του λόγου (ρήμα/ουσιαστικό/επίθετο) της ίδιας οικογένειας λέξεων.

Σύνοψη: consume — consumption — consumable. motivate — motivation — motivational. create — creation — creative. extend — extension — extensive. demonstrate — demonstration — demonstrative. avail — availability — available. compete — competition — competitive. administrate — administration — administrative. satisfy — satisfaction — satisfactory. promote — promotion — promotional. execute — execution — executive/executional. prepare — preparation — preparatory.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Νέες λέξεις με προθήματα δοσμένης σημασίας (21 λέξεις)

Ερώτηση: Make new words by placing the prefixes given (ir-/dis-/non-/un- = opposite, mis- = badly/wrongly, co- = together, inter- = between, pre- = before, trans- = across, over- = too much/above, sub- = under, super- = bigger than usual, re- = again, under- = under) in front of the words given (each prefix used at least once): national, understanding, act, paid, write, estimate, market, graduate, regularly, operation, agreement, atlantic, demanding, competitive, title, dated, sense, do, port, inform, ground.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη ενώνεται με το πρόθημα που ταιριάζει νοηματικά, με βάση τη δοσμένη σημασία δίπλα σε κάθε πρόθημα.

Σύνοψη: (ενδεικτική) national → international. understanding → misunderstanding. act → interact. paid → underpaid. write → rewrite. estimate → underestimate. market → supermarket. graduate → undergraduate. regularly → irregularly. operation → cooperation. agreement → disagreement. atlantic → transatlantic. demanding → overdemanding. competitive → uncompetitive. title → subtitle. dated → predated. sense → nonsense. do → redo. port → transport. inform → misinform. ground → underground.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Ενδεικτική αντιστοίχιση — αρκετές λέξεις (π.χ. paid, estimate) θα δέχονταν εναλλακτικά προθήματα (overpaid/overestimate), αλλά η παρούσα κατανομή εξασφαλίζει ότι και τα 11 προθήματα χρησιμοποιούνται τουλάχιστον μία φορά.

Οκτώ ζεύγη αντιθέτων (a-h × 1-8)

Ερώτηση: Make eight pairs of opposites using the following words: a. import b. loss c. deposit d. debit e. manufacturer f. consistent g. practice h. sole-proprietor — with: 1.withdraw 2.credit 3.consumer 4.changeable 5.export 6.theory 7.profit 8.partner

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε λέξη της αριστερής στήλης έχει ακριβώς ένα αντίθετο στη δεξιά στήλη.

Σύνοψη: a-5 (import/export). b-7 (loss/profit). c-1 (deposit/withdraw). d-2 (debit/credit). e-3 (manufacturer/consumer). f-4 (consistent/changeable). g-6 (practice/theory). h-8 (sole-proprietor/partner).

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Odd-man-out (a-h)

Ερώτηση: Which word is the odd-man-out? Why? a. reduction, discount, fare, bargain b. cheque, credit card, fine, money order c. inflation, invoice, bill, receipt d. director, manager, supervisor, secretary e. price, expense, pension, cost f. regulations, rules, principles, authorities g. management, administration, direction, domination h. retailer, trader, wholesaler, lawyer

Απάντηση:

• a. Οι υπόλοιπες αφορούν μείωση τιμής/ευκαιρία αγοράς, το 'fare' είναι κόμιστρο μεταφοράς.
• b. Οι υπόλοιπες είναι τρόποι πληρωμής, το 'fine' είναι πρόστιμο.
• c. Οι υπόλοιπες είναι παραστατικά χρέωσης, το 'inflation' είναι οικονομικό φαινόμενο.
• d. Οι υπόλοιπες είναι διευθυντικοί ρόλοι, η 'secretary' δεν έχει διοικητική εξουσία.
• e. Οι υπόλοιπες αφορούν την τιμή ενός αγαθού/υπηρεσίας, η 'pension' είναι σύνταξη.
• f. Οι υπόλοιπες είναι σύνολα κανόνων, οι 'authorities' είναι θεσμοί/πρόσωπα που τους επιβάλλουν.
• g. Οι υπόλοιπες σημαίνουν διοίκηση/διεύθυνση, η 'domination' σημαίνει κυριαρχία με επιβολή.
• h. Οι υπόλοιπες είναι επαγγέλματα εμπορίου, ο 'lawyer' είναι νομικός.

Σύνοψη: a. fare. b. fine. c. inflation. d. secretary. e. pension. f. authorities. g. domination. h. lawyer.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Customer, client, consumer ×2 (a-f)

Ερώτηση: Customer, client, consumer: use twice each word in its proper form to fill in the blanks. a. ..... needs must be satisfied by producers. b. The new shop across the road has taken away many of my best ..... . c. Make a list of complaints and deliver it to the ..... Advice and Protection Centre. d. Our Insurance Company has more than ten thousand ..... . e. Our bank's ..... are always satisfied. f. Regular ..... support our company's production.

Απάντηση:

• Consumer = γενικός καταναλωτής αγαθών· customer = πελάτης καταστήματος/επιχείρησης· client = πελάτης επαγγελματικής υπηρεσίας (τράπεζα, ασφάλεια, δικηγόρος).

Σύνοψη: a. Consumer(s'). b. customers. c. Consumer. d. clients. e. clients. f. customers.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Κάθε λέξη χρησιμοποιείται ακριβώς δύο φορές: consumer (a,c), customer (b,f), client (d,e).

Who is the person who... (a-k)

Ερώτηση: Who is the person who: a. advertises b. runs a company c. supervises d. directs or controls e. hires someone f. has got shares g. carries out important decisions h. does a research i. competes (for sth) with sb j. applies for sth k. is the chief manager

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε ενέργεια αντιστοιχεί στο ουσιαστικό-πρόσωπο που την εκτελεί, συνήθως με το επίθημα -er/-or.

Σύνοψη: a. advertiser. b. manager. c. supervisor. d. director. e. employer. f. shareholder. g. executive. h. researcher. i. competitor. j. applicant. k. chief executive/managing director.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Ρήματα σε σωστό τύπο (a-o)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verbs in the brackets. a. Our company (achieve) ..... a 100% increase in profitability last year. b. The business must be organised in such a way, so as (allow) ..... the new ventures (thrive) ....., and the newcomers (work) ..... creatively. c. The people who (employ) ..... by a company are the employees. d. If he (join) ..... the company, he would have been very happy. e. If the product (be) ..... practical and functional, there will be a sell-out. f. Sales promotions should be (design) ..... in such a way, so as not (cause) ..... any avoidable disappointment. g. If the sales promotions were legal, there (not arise) ..... any problems. h. The worst companies are usually those that (concentrate) ..... on never (make) ..... mistakes, because the likelihood is that they never (do) ..... anything either. i. If he (contribute) ..... to the decision-making, there would not have been any mistakes. j. Everyone must (prepare) ..... to see mistakes (make) ..... in the process of the development of a project. k. He was let (do) ..... whatever he wanted and this policy (lead) ..... to the present situation. l. He already (express) ..... his wish (work) ..... in the finance department of the company. m. Unless she (have) ..... her credit card with her, she wouldn't have been able to buy anything, as she had run out of cash. n. He asked me (give) ..... him a definition for "marketing". o. Talking academically, we can say that marketing (be) ..... a set of skills, which can (learn) ....., and a philosophical basis for (run) ..... a business.

Απάντηση:

• a. αόριστος. b. απαρέμφατο μετά από 'so as' ×3. c. παθητική ενεστώτα. d/g/i/m: 3ος/2ος τύπος υποθετικού λόγου. f/j: παθητικό απαρέμφατο. h: ενεστώτας + γερούνδιο μετά από 'on'. k: bare infinitive μετά το 'let' + αόριστος. l: παρακείμενος + απαρέμφατο. n: απαρέμφατο μετά το 'ask'. o: ενεστώτας + παθητικό απαρέμφατο + γερούνδιο μετά από 'for'.

Σύνοψη: a. achieved. b. to allow ... to thrive ... to work. c. are employed. d. had joined. e. is. f. designed ... to cause. g. would not arise. h. concentrate ... making ... do. i. had contributed. j. be prepared ... being made. k. do ... led. l. has expressed ... to work. m. hadn't had. n. to give. o. is ... be learnt ... running.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Πλάγιος λόγος (a-o)

Ερώτηση: Rewrite the sentences using the prompts given. a. He rejected the job, because it didn't offer any promotion prospects. He told me that......... b. Are you interested in the field of marketing? He asked me......... c. Write an application and a curriculum vitae concerning the ad you have chosen. He advised her......... d. Applications are accepted only from graduates with commercial experience. The advertisement says that......... e. What kind of departments are there in big companies? He wanted to know......... f. How must a business be organised? He asked him......... g. Do these products have any investment value? He wondered......... h. Can you think of a product having a commemorative value? He asked me......... i. Was there a novelty in the product? He wanted to know......... j. All sales promotions should adhere to the principles of fair competition. He insists on the fact that......... k. The administration of a product must be prompt and efficient. He said that......... l. Advertising has to be both strategically and executionally correct. He believes that......... m. Our company has improved since Mr Smith became the new sales manager. He said that......... n. Have companies always fully succeeded when they adopt these new technological methods? He wondered......... o. Is advertising a science that can be accurately measured? He asked them.........

Απάντηση:

• Όταν το ρήμα αναφοράς είναι σε παρελθοντικό χρόνο (told, asked, wondered, advised, said), γίνεται μετατόπιση χρόνου. Όταν είναι σε ενεστώτα (says, insists, believes), ΔΕΝ αλλάζει ο χρόνος.

Σύνοψη: a. He told me that he had rejected the job because it hadn't offered any promotion prospects. b. He asked me if/whether I was interested in the field of marketing. c. He advised her to write an application and a curriculum vitae concerning the ad she had chosen. d. The advertisement says that applications are accepted only from graduates with commercial experience. e. He wanted to know what kind of departments there were in big companies. f. He asked him how a business had to be organised. g. He wondered if/whether those products had any investment value. h. He asked me if/whether I could think of a product having a commemorative value. i. He wanted to know if/whether there had been a novelty in the product. j. He insists on the fact that all sales promotions should adhere to the principles of fair competition. k. He said that the administration of a product had to be prompt and efficient. l. He believes that advertising has to be both strategically and executionally correct. m. He said that their company had improved since Mr Smith had become the new sales manager. n. He wondered if/whether companies had always fully succeeded when they adopted those new technological methods. o. He asked them if/whether advertising was a science that could be accurately measured.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• Τα d, j, l διατηρούν το χρόνο του ευθέος λόγου, αφού το ρήμα αναφοράς (says/insists/believes) είναι σε ενεστώτα.

Rewrite σε παθητική φωνή με νέα εκκίνηση (a-t)

Ερώτηση: Rewrite the sentences using the new prompts. a. He will arrange an appointment for the interview. An appointment......... b. You should advertise all the new products. All the new products......... c. The field of marketing interests him. He......... d. The company has offered an attractive salary and good career prospects. An attractive salary......... e. Disciplines like psychology and sociology have recognised marketing. Marketing......... f. They believe that marketing is a set of skills which one can learn. Marketing......... g. He purchased the product by mail order. The product......... h. No promoter should abuse the trust of consumers. The trust of consumers......... i. All promoters of products must follow certain principles. Certain principles......... j. Some of the consumers are expressing justified complaints. Justified complaints......... k. He failed because he hadn't fully explored the prospective competitive climate. He failed because the prospective competitive climate......... l. Marketers must understand what motivates the consumer. Marketers must understand what the consumer......... m. The use of credit cards has changed the attitude of many consumers. The attitude......... n. No one can answer your question. Your question......... o. What ought the company to do about the recent failure of its new product? What ought to......... p. You must work for success. Success......... q. They will send application forms to all the candidates. Application forms......... r. His rude remarks have greatly upset the head of the department. The head of the department......... s. A new company is going to take the business over. The business......... t. Somebody must have taken the documents while I was out. The documents.........

Απάντηση:

• Μετατροπή ενεργητικής σε παθητική σύνταξη (be + past participle), με προσαρμογή τροπικών/βοηθητικών ρημάτων.

Σύνοψη: a. An appointment will be arranged for the interview. b. All the new products should be advertised. c. He is interested in the field of marketing. d. An attractive salary and good career prospects have been offered. e. Marketing has been recognised by disciplines like psychology and sociology. f. Marketing is believed to be a set of skills which can be learnt. g. The product was purchased by mail order. h. The trust of consumers should not be abused. i. Certain principles must be followed by all promoters of products. j. Justified complaints are being expressed by some of the consumers. k. He failed because the prospective competitive climate hadn't been fully explored. l. Marketers must understand what the consumer is motivated by. m. The attitude of many consumers has been changed by the use of credit cards. n. Your question cannot be answered. o. What ought to be done about the recent failure of the company's new product? p. Success must be worked for. q. Application forms will be sent to all the candidates. r. The head of the department has been greatly upset by his rude remarks. s. The business is going to be taken over by a new company. t. The documents must have been taken while I was out.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Infinitive ή gerund (a-t)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the blanks with the infinitive or the gerund of the words in capitals at the end of each sentence. a. I wish ..... my congratulations on your success. EXPRESS b. Please forgive our ..... you. INTERRUPT c. ..... a good secretary needs skill, intelligence and concentration. BE d. Do you mind my ..... ? SMOKE e. ..... money is easier than ..... money. SPEND, EARN f. ..... a speech for three hours demands a very good preparation. MAKE g. The manager did not allow us ..... to each other during the meeting. SPEAK h. He suggested our ..... on TV. ADVERTISE i. I regret ..... you that we must cancel our order. INFORM j. The firm guaranteed ..... the goods within ten days. SUPPLY k. ..... for his turn took him two hours. WAIT l. I am considering ..... my job. CHANGE m. He demanded ..... his money back. GIVE n. We endeavour ..... our customers. SATISFY o. Did you remember ..... my letter? POST p. I posted some business letters, but I can't remember ..... yours. POST q. They began ..... . ARGUE r. She is beginning ..... . IMPROVE s. As there was so much extra work to do, my boss made me ..... in the office till late. STAY t. You'd better ..... that money; you may need it later. SAVE

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε ρήμα/έκφραση (wish, forgive+ktητ., mind+ktητ., allow+αντικ., suggest+ktητ., regret, guarantee, remember, consider, demand, endeavour, begin, make+αντικ., had better) απαιτεί συγκεκριμένη μορφή (infinitive ή gerund) — προσοχή στη διαφορά remember+infinitive (μέλλουσα υποχρέωση) vs remember+gerund (ανάμνηση παρελθόντος).

Σύνοψη: a. to express. b. interrupting. c. Being. d. smoking. e. Spending ... earning. f. Making. g. to speak. h. advertising. i. to inform. j. to supply. k. Waiting. l. changing. m. to be given. n. to satisfy. o. to post. p. posting. q. arguing/to argue. r. to improve. s. stay. t. save.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

• o vs p: 'remember to post' (να μην ξεχάσεις να το κάνεις) αντί 'remember posting' (θυμάσαι ότι το έκανες).

Other, the other, another, the others, others (a-h)

Ερώτηση: Use the words 'other, the other, another, the others, others' to fill in the blanks. a. Six of us are here but where are .....? b. We managed to get ..... person into the car. c. Some clerks have arrived but where are ..... clerks? d. Please take this old stapler away and bring me ..... one. e. Many ..... had failed to be general managers, but Paul succeeded. f. Here is only one file; where is ..... one? g. No ..... than Peter knows this subject so well. h. They prefer you to all ..... who have applied for the post.

Απάντηση:

• another = ένας ακόμη (απροσδιόριστος)· the other/the others = ο/οι υπόλοιπος/-οι (συγκεκριμένος/-οι)· other(s) = άλλος/άλλοι (χωρίς άρθρο, γενικά).

Σύνοψη: a. the others. b. another. c. the other. d. another. e. others. f. the other. g. other. h. others.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Λεξιλόγιο αγοράς (a-j)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the blanks with the words below: market places, limited market, restricted market, fringe market, grey market, black market, free market, market price, marked price, middle or mean price. a. In the ..... buyers and sellers determine the market price according to supply and demand. b. The price of an article current in the market is called ..... . c. ..... is any lawful trading in goods that are scarce and command a higher price. d. ..... are the open areas where a market is held. e. The price marked on goods sold in shops is the ..... . f. ..... is the one into which a producer has agreed with other producers to limit selling to avoid competition. g. ..... is the price half-way between the big price and the offered price. h. ..... is the unlawful trading in goods that are scarce. i. A market in which it's difficult to find buyers and sellers is a ..... . j. A ..... is the market for small containers used for prepacking some products, especially the liquid ones.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε όρος αγοράς αντιστοιχεί σε έναν ορισμό — 10 όροι, 10 κενά.

Σύνοψη: a. free market. b. market price. c. Grey market. d. Market places. e. marked price. f. Restricted market. g. Middle (or mean) price. h. Black market. i. limited market. j. fringe market.

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However, although, though, whereas, in spite of (a-j)

Ερώτηση: Use the above words to fill in the blanks. a. ..... he had worked all day, he was not very tired. b. Sue came to the meeting ..... feeling ill. c. Mary said she didn't want to change her job. ....., she may change her mind. d. She managed to type, ..... her injured hand. e. Mary is quiet and shy, ..... her colleagues are lively and talkative. f. The office is very small. It's quite comfortable ..... . g. She didn't apply for the job ..... she had the right qualifications. h. ..... the bad weather, she arrived at the office in time. i. She was promoted ..... she hadn't asked for it. j. It's hard work. I enjoy it ..... .

Απάντηση:

• although/though + πρόταση· in spite of + ουσιαστικό/gerund· whereas συγκρίνει δύο υποκείμενα· however/though στο τέλος πρότασης σημαίνουν 'ωστόσο'.

Σύνοψη: a. Although. b. in spite of. c. However. d. in spite of. e. whereas. f. though. g. although. h. In spite of. i. though. j. however.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Συμπλήρωση προθέσεων (a-r)

Ερώτηση: Fill in the blanks with the missing prepositions. a. I haven't seen you ..... ages. b. Tell me ..... your big news. c. Bill likes making the customers feel ..... home. d. In general partnership, each partner is responsible ..... all debts and legal responsibilities concerning the business. e. Is it convenient ..... customers ..... purchase the product ..... mail order? f. The code is to be applied ..... the spirit as well as ..... the letter of the law. g. All sales promotions should deal fairly and honourably ..... consumers. h. The worst companies are those that concentrate ..... never making mistakes. i. You have ..... keep three basic points ..... mind. j. I'd be happy ..... help ..... any way I can. k. Could you arrange an appointment ..... me, please? l. He is interested ..... the field ..... marketing. m. She explained everything ..... detail. n. Paul resigned ..... the committee. o. There are a lot ..... popular definitions ..... marketing. p. Mary has applied ..... a job ..... a big company. q. Management plans must be developed according ..... the new venture. r. The holder ..... the card can withdraw ..... advance some money ..... cash ..... any branches ..... the bank.

Απάντηση:

• Πάγιες προθετικές φράσεις που έχουν επαναληφθεί σε όλο το Unit 6.

Σύνοψη: a. for. b. about. c. at. d. for. e. for ... to ... by. f. in ... in. g. with. h. on. i. to ... in. j. to ... in. k. for. l. in ... of. m. in. n. from. o. of ... of. p. for ... with/in. q. to. r. of ... in ... in ... from ... of.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Τροπικά ρήματα (a-t)

Ερώτηση: Which of the words 'may, might (have), will, can, could, must, have (got) to, would, should (have), ought to (have) or needn't' best complete the following sentences? a. ..... I have your attention, please? b. I wonder if I ..... use your telephone, please. c. He ..... not come to tomorrow's meeting, as he's very busy. d. You ..... drive on the left in Britain. e. She ..... type ninety words per minute. f. He didn't speak very clearly, but I ..... understand what he said. g. ..... I make a suggestion? Of course you ..... . h. I ..... get more money for all the work I do. i. We ..... buy any files yet. There are plenty in the drawer. j. I ..... (not) go to work tomorrow. k. I ..... posted this letter yesterday, but I forgot. l. Peter is late. He ..... missed his train. m. Sue ..... be at work by now. She's normally there at that time. n. John ..... passed his driving test easily. I was surprised that he failed. o. You ..... have heard the news. It's been widely spread. p. Where is Jim? He ..... be in his office. I'm not sure. q. ..... you switch on the light, please? r. ..... I borrow your dictionary? s. ..... you mind waiting? No, that's O.K. t. She suggested (that) I ..... see the manager.

Απάντηση:

• may/might=πιθανότητα, must=υποχρέωση/λογικό συμπέρασμα, could=ικανότητα στο παρελθόν, should have/ought to have=μεταμέλεια, needn't=έλλειψη ανάγκης, would/could=ευγενικό αίτημα.

Σύνοψη: a. May. b. might. c. may/might. d. have to. e. can. f. could. g. May ... may. h. ought to. i. needn't. j. won't. k. should have. l. might have. m. should. n. could have. o. must. p. might. q. Would. r. Could. s. Would. t. should.

Κριτήρια αξιολόγησης:

Σωστό ή Λάθος με βάση όλο το Unit (a-j)

Ερώτηση: Drawing information from the chapters of the unit say whether the following are true or false. a. You should be careful when you make decisions. b. It's not necessary for a good marketer to explore the prospective climate. c. One of the advantages in partnership is that you often receive tax benefits by the government. d. Marketing never faces an identity crisis. e. Disciplines like psychology or sociology have not recognised marketing. f. All sales are permitted to exploit the customers' lack of experience. g. All sale promotions should be legal. h. The presentation of a promotion should not be likely to mislead those who are addressed to. i. Advertising must be both strategically and executionally correct. j. Development never entails risk.

Απάντηση:

• Κάθε δήλωση επαληθεύεται με βάση τα κεφάλαια 64-73 του Unit 6 (μάρκετινγκ, διοίκηση, partnership, πιστωτικές κάρτες).

Σύνοψη: a. True. b. False (πρέπει να διερευνά πλήρως το ανταγωνιστικό κλίμα). c. True. d. False (η ενότητα «Wanted an Identity» δείχνει ότι το μάρκετινγκ αντιμετωπίζει κρίση ταυτότητας). e. False (οι επιστήμες αυτές ΕΧΟΥΝ αναγνωρίσει το μάρκετινγκ). f. False (κανένας προωθητής δεν πρέπει να εκμεταλλεύεται την απειρία των καταναλωτών). g. True. h. True. i. True. j. False (η ανάπτυξη πάντα συνεπάγεται κίνδυνο).

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